OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 265 



the " leontopodion " or " leuceoron " or " doripetron " or " thorybetron " is described by Pliny xxvi. 

 34 as growing in open situations and thin soil, the root " alvum sistit : " the "leonfot" is mentioned 

 in the Anglo-Saxon translation of Apuleius 8 : A. vulgaris is described by Tournefort inst. 508 ; is 

 known to grow "in dry subalpine pastures" from Switzerland as far as the North cape of Lapland 

 (fl. Dan. pi. 693, Sab., Wats., and Lindl.), Iceland, Greenland, and Labrador in Lat. 57 (Martins, 

 Hook., and A. Dec). According to Lindley, "the decoction slightly 'tonic." 



Evax pygmaeus of the Mediterranean countries. The Egyptian " thaphnoines," or " aima 

 krokothSilou " or " krokomJrion " of the prophets, is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "leontopo- 

 thion," — described by Dioscorides as a little herb two fingers-breadth high having leaves four 

 fingers (-breadth) long, whitish and more woolly next the root, blackish flowers in incised terminal 

 heads, seeds not easily seen on account of the enveloping wool, a small root worn as a love-charm 

 and to disperse swellings, and referred here by Fraas : E. pygmaeus was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in the Peloponnesus and on the Greek islands. Westward, the "lSon- 

 top6thion"or "zSonuhon" or "ae'tSnuhon" or "kemos" or " thamnamfine " or "ithiophuton " or 

 "phutovasila " or "krossion " or " krossophthoon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "minSrki- 

 oum" or "nSoumatous" or "pallathioum " or "phlammoula" of the Romans; the "cemos" accord- 

 ing to Pliny xxvii. 35, from being used only as a charm will be passed in silence : E. pygmaeus is 

 described by Barrelier pi. 127, is termed " filago maritima capite folioso " by Tournefort inst. 454; 

 and is known to grow in the more Southern parts of Europe (Cav. pi. 36, Desf., and Pers.). 



Glaucium phamiceum of the Mediterranean countries. The " l£6ntop£tal6n " — described by 

 Dioscorides as growing in cultivated ground, a span or more high with numerous axils, terminal 

 "Mvinthois ''-like pods containing two or three small seeds, flowers " phoinika " and "anSmSne"- 

 like, " kramve "-like leaves incised as in " mek<5nos," identified in the added Synonyms with the 

 " leontion " or " luhnis agria " or "parthale" or " rapeion " or " mek6n keratitis " or " an£mSne," 

 may be compared : G. phoeniceum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in vineyards from the 

 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Cyprus ; and by Russel, at Aleppo (Spreng.). West- 

 ward, the l T£ontop5tal6n" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " semen leoninoum" or 

 " kouvilia marina " or " papavSrkouloum " of the Romans; the account of the " leontopetalon " or 

 " rhapeion " by Pliny xxv. 72 seems taken from Dioscorides: G. phcenicium is termed "g. hirsu- 

 tum flore phceniceo " by Tournefort inst. 254, " chelidonium corniculatum " by Linnaeus 724: is 

 known to occur as a weed in Southern Europe, and even as far as London (Curt. lond. vi. pi. 32, 

 and Pers.). 



Leontice leontopetalon of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " tzakrS " or 

 "pourthala" (Sibth.) ; and possibly the "parthale" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "leontope- 

 talon" — described by Dioscorides, and referred here by Matthioli : L. leontopetalon is termed 

 " leontopetalon foliis costs ramosae innascentibus " by Tournefort cor. 49 ; was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to the Greek 

 islands; is known to occur also in Asia Minor (Spreng.). Westward, is described by Camerarius 

 565, and Barrelier pi. 1029 ; and is known to occur in Italy (Pers.). 



Forcing a passage at Thermopylae against the few Spartans under Leonidas, Xerxes entered 

 Athens. His fleet however after successive naval combats was totally defeated at Salamis by The- 

 mistocles, leaving the " empire of the sea " to the Athenians (Diodor , and Clint.). And before the 

 close of the year, Xerxes with a portion of his army withdrew into Asia. 



" On the day of the battle of Salamis " or at least not later (Herodot. vii. 165, Diodor., and Justin 

 xix 2) at Himera in Sicily, the Carthaginians totally defeated, and their leader Hamilcar slain; leav- 

 ing three sons, Hanno, Himilco, and Gisco. 



' In this year" (Diodor., and Clint, ii. p. 340), accession of the Archaenactidae dynasty at Pantica- 

 paeum or Bosporus, on the Crimean shore of the Strait leading into the Azof Sea. The city, founded 

 by Milesians, continued under the rule of Greco-Crimean princes ; and with the district around, 

 became "the granary of Greece and especially of Athens." 



"479 B. C." (Herodot., and Clint.), "ten months " after the occupation by Xerxes, the city of 

 Athens destroyed by Mardonius. In " September," the Persian army under Mardonius defeated at 

 Plataea by the Greeks under Pausanias. — Soon after this victory (Lubke and Lutrow), building of 

 the temple to Minerva on Aegina. _ 



Scandix Australis of the East Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous plant called m 

 Germany "ostlicher korbel," in Greece " tzilimonithia " or " kaukatithra " (Fraas) or " skanthiki " 

 (Hon. Bell.) : in which we recognize the " skanthix " sold according to scandal by the mother of 

 Euripides — "thiaskanthikises" (Aristoph. ach. 454 to ran. 839, Theopomp, Cell. xv. 20, and Plin. 

 xxii 38)- the "skanthix" is mentioned also as a potherb by Opion, Theophrastus vu. 7- 1 to 8. 1, 

 Erasistratus, and the " skanthux " by Dioscorides as spontaneously-growing and eaten either crude 

 or cooked : the " scandix " is further enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt : 



34 



