OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 267 



Islands clearly introduced by Polynesians. Westward from Burmah, is called in Sanscrit " ikshoo " 

 or "rusala" or "poondra" or "kanguruka," in Telinga " cherukoo " (Roxb.), in Tamil "karoomboo" 

 (Drur.) ; and its product sugar in Sanscrit " sarkura," in Tamil " sakkara " (Royle), in Bengalee 

 "sharkara" or "bhura'' or "chini," in Hindustanee "shakar" or "bura" or " chini " or "khand" 

 (D'roz.) : sugar is mentioned in the Institutes of Menu, and the Sama Veda (transl.) ; " honey made 

 by the hands of confectioners" was known to Herodotus iv. ; a kind of reed "yielding honey without 

 the aid of bees" was seen by Nearchus in Hindustan (Strab. xv. i. 20), is mentioned also by Theo- 

 phrastus fr. 190 ; " sakharon " is described by Dioscorides as a kind of concreted honey obtained 

 from reeds in India and Arabia Felix (the living plant already in Yemen), is mentioned also by Pliny, 

 and Galen : S. officinarum was observed by Roxburgh, Graham, and myself, under cultivation in Hin- 

 dustan, and " the ' bhooroo ' reed of which the native pens are made " is according to Graham " com- 

 mon in the Concans : " S. officinarum was observed by Forskal seemingly wild among the mountains 

 of Yemen, and called " muddarjend ; " was ascertained by myself at Zanzibar to be cultivated by 

 Negro tribes as far inland as the Monomoizi country ; was observed by Baumgarten i. 16, Forskal, 

 and Delile, under cultivation in Egypt ; and by Harib in the " Tenth " century, in Spain (A. Dec). 

 By European colonists, was carried "in 1420" from Sicily to Madeira, thence "in 1503" to the 

 Canaries (Buch), and somewhat later to the Mauritius Islands (A. Dec.) ; by Columbus, was carried 

 to America (F. Columb. 53), where it continues abundantly cultivated within as well as near the 

 Tropics. 



474 B. C. = " 12th year of Hesirsa " or Xerxes ; the latest date in his reign found on the 

 Egyptian monuments — (C. Mull. fr. Man. p. 596). 



" The same year" (Diodor., and Clint.), the Tuscans defeated in naval combat by Hiero Greek 

 king of Syracuse. 



The wheat-fly, Cecidomyia destructor, figured on coins of Metapontum in Southern Italy — 

 (Lee's edit. Keller p. 351). From Europe, the wheat-fly was unintentionally carried by colonists to 

 Northeast America ; where in our Middle States, it continues to commit great ravages. 



"470, not earlier" (Niebuhr, and Sm. b. d.), Coriolanus banished from Rome finding refuge 

 among the Volscians. — Some ten years later, arriving before Rome at the head of a Volscian army, 

 he was persuaded by his mother and family to withdraw. The account however is regarded as 

 legendary rather than historical. 



In this year (= 452 -J- "18 years reign" of the Mahavamsi iv ), Nagadaseka succeeded by 

 Susanaga, now Hindu king. Sahalin is in this place in the Avadana asoka (Burnouf i. 358). 



" In or about this year " (C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. xxii, see Plin. ii. 67), sailing from Carthage 

 of " sixty " ships, containing " thirty thousand " persons, under Hanno, to found and re-establish 

 colonies on the West coast of Africa. " Two days " South of the entrance to the Mediterranean, the 

 new city of " Thumiaterion " was built. Passing the "soloenta" promontory (Cape Cantin), additional 

 colonists were left in the maritime cities of " Karikon-tSihos, Gutten, Akran, Melittan," and " Aram- 

 vun." At the river " Lixon " having procured interpreters, Hanno proceeded South along the 

 "Desert;" and entered a gulf containing a small island which he occupied and named " Kerne " 

 (Heme at the mouth of the Rio do ouro). — Herodotus iv. 195 had heard of gold procured by the 

 Carthaginians at the island of " Kuraunin," and of their trading with African tribes without seeing 

 them ; " Kerne " is mentioned by Ephorus, Lycophron, Eratosthenes, Polybius, Cornelius, Diodorus, 

 Strabo, Plinius, C. Ptolemaeus, Nonnus ; and at the end of a little over nineteen centuries, gold was 

 procured from the natives and the spot named " Rio do ouro " by the Portuguese navigator A. 

 Gonzalez. 



From " KSrne," Hanno proceeded South to a "great river full of hippopotami and crocodiles' 1 

 (Senegal) ; and after re-visiting " Kerne," continued his voyage ; the natives everywhere fleeing and 

 shouting unintelligibly to the Lixite interpreters. He next reached large and wooded mountains 

 (Cape Verd), producing trees whose wood was scented and variegated. After "two days" sailing, 

 crossing a wide opening (mouth of the Gambia), the country became level; and fires were seen at 

 ni°-ht. " Five days " later, he entered a gulf, known to the interpreters as " EspSrou keras ; " and 

 containing a large island, and within the island a sea-water lake, and within the lake another island 

 (Harang, one of the Bissagos Islands). Woods only were in sight ; but at night, there were fires in 

 different directions (kindled by the negroes mainly to keep off wild beasts), and sounds were heard of 

 pipes and drums, mingled with outcries. Continuing beyond, the country was found to be on fire 

 (tall reedy grass becoming dry in autumn and fired by the negroes) ; and at the end of "four days," 

 a very lofty mountain came into view, called "The6n ohema" (Mount Sagres, about fifty miles from 

 Sierra Leone). After the next " three days," Hanno entered a gulf called " Notou keras " (Sherbro 

 Sound) ; want of provisions precluding the farther prosecution of the voyage. 



On an island in this gulf, hairy or furry " wild men " called by the interpreters r P I A A A £ were 

 captured, but continuing to resist, were killed and their skins preserved: "toorallas," the Mandingo 



