268 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



name of the chimpanzee or small African orang. Troglodytes niger, — is referred here by Hugius 

 (C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. 13). The skins brought back to Carthage, were kept in the "temple of 

 Juno" until the capture and destruction of the city (Plin. vi. 36). 



The name "gorillas " may therefore afford evidence of the Mandingo language being already in 

 existence. 



"469 B. C." (Clint.), at Athens, Pericles first taking part in public affairs. 



"468 B. C. = 1st year of Tching-ting-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. 

 table). 



About this time, "548-432 B. C." (Scylacean peripl., Theophrast, Hygin., Plin., C. Mull, geogr. 

 min. i. p. 69 and Sm. b. d.), the constellation Hoedi or kids, defined among the stars by Cleostratus 1 

 of Tenedos. 



One hundred and fifteenth generation. May 1st, 467, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poets, 

 Bacchylides, Panyasis, and Epilycus ; the comic poets, Ecphantides, Peisander ; the tragic poets, 

 Aristarchus, Ion of Chios, Achaeus, Neophron, Cleomachus, and Aristeas ; the philosophers, Diagoras 

 of Melos, Archelaus, Melissus, and Hermotinus ; the historians, Pherecydes of Athens, Damastes of 

 Sigeum, and Xenomedes of Chios. 



Ranunculus flammula of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain spearwort (Ainsw.), 

 in Sweden sometimes " aeltegrass " (Linn.), and the Z A PIES A herb growing according to Archelaus 

 along a river of Aetolia, its root like a spear, good for short-sightedness — (Stob. 98), or according 

 to Aristotle mirab. 171 along the river Lycorna, resembling a " loghe " lance-head and good for 

 short-sightedness, may be compared: fragments of R. flammula occur in debris of the ancient lake- 

 villages of Switzerland; the plant is termed " r. longifolius palustris minor" by C. Bauhin pin. 180, 

 and Tournefort inst. 292 ; was observed by Linnaeus in the wooded country as far as Lapland ; by 

 Curtis vi. pi. 37, in Britain ; by Brotero, in Portugal ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; 

 and is known to grow throughout Siberia (A. Dec). Its leaves according to Lindley are "vesicant," 

 and the distilled water is "said by Withering to be an emetic." 



"465 B. C." (Clint.), Xerxes succeeded by Artabanus, fifth Persian emperor. Who reigned 

 " seven months " (according to Manetho) ; his name has not been found on the Egyptian 

 monuments. 



" The same year " (Euseb., and Clint, ii. p. 43), fall of a meteoric stone at Aegospotamos on the 

 Hellespont. Recorded by Diogenes of Apollonia : and the opinion maintained by Anaxagoras and 

 others, That the stone "came from the sun" — (Plin. ii. 58, D. Laert., and Theodoret. therap. 

 4. iv. p. 797). 



That all animals respire, including fishes and mollusks, maintained by Diogenes, and Anaxagoras ; 

 both of whom attempted to explain the respiration of fishes by a portion of air in the mouth (Aristot. 

 respir 1). — Modern discoveries have shown, the necessity of the water being aerated. 



" 464 B. C." (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 380), Artabanus succeeded by Artaxerxes, sixth 

 Persian emperor. The hieroglyphic ovals of Artahesses occur on rocks on the Kosser road ; at this 

 time therefore, a route of commercial intercourse with the Red Sea — (Glid. analect.). 



" The same year " (Thucyd., and Clint.), revolt of the Helots against the Spartans ; and beginning 

 of the Third Messenian war. — The war continued "ten " years. 



•■460 B. C." (Thucyd., and Clint.), revolt against the Persians of the Egyptians led by Inarus ; 

 and aid extended to the insurgents by the Athenians. — The war continued "six" years. 



A Greek inscription of this date (= "01. 80. 1," Franz) containing the following form of the 

 letter /v\- 



458 B. C. = "7th year of Artaxerxes " (Ezr. vii. 6 to 9), a body of Israelites under Ezra, per- 

 mitted by the Persian emperor to leave Babylon for Jerusalem. 



Myriai sapida of the Himalayan mountains. A tree long celebrated by Sanscrit writers, and its 

 exported bark called in Hindustanee " kaephul" (Drur.), in Arabic " dar-shisan " (Royle) ; in which 

 we recognize the "dar-shisan" identified through Avicenna, and Serapion, with the AS TAAAOOS 



enumerated among spices and perfumes in the Apocryphal book of Sirach xxiv. 15, referred here 



conjecturally by Royle (Kitt bibl. cycl.) : "aspalathos" according to Manetho formed one of the 

 ingredients of the " kuphi " incense (Plut. is. and osir. 80); seems mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 7. 3 

 to od. 33 only as a perfume ; a tree " aspalathum " growing in the East, is mentioned by Pliny xii. 52 

 to xxiv. 68 ; the " dar-shisan," by Maserjawia, Ebn Wahshaneh, Edrisi, Ebn Baitar ; and two kinds 

 are distinguished by Persian medical writers (Ulfaz-i-Udwieh 157 to 884 transl. Gladw.). Bark of 

 M. sapida was found by Royle exported in quantities from Nepal into the lower country, and esteemed 

 a " valuable stimulant medecine." (See Spartium villosum, and Genista horrida). 



"The same year" (Sm. b. d.), L. Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus and C. Nautius Rutilus 

 consuls, the Roman army hemmed in by the Aequians and Sabines said to have been liberated by the 

 dictator Cincinnatus. 



