OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 269 



"457 B. C." (Thucyd., and Clint.), the " Long walls," extending from the harbour to the city of 

 Athens, commenced. — In the following year, they were completed. 



About this time (...), -a. geological observation by Xanthus of Lydia. Who, finding salt-lakes 

 in Armenia, Mattiena, and Phrygia, and "stones having the form of shells," concluded that the whole 

 territory "had once been sea." 



"456 B. C." (Jahn biblic. archaeol ), Anaxagoras, a disciple of Hermotinus, visiting Athens. 

 Contrary to the opinion then prevalent, that matter has always existed, Anaxagoras maintained, That 

 matter and the universe had been created by a god : or (according to Plato phsed. 104), "That it is 

 intelligence that sets in order and is the cause of all things." He also thought that the moon is 

 inhabited, and contains hills and valleys (D. Laert. ii. 8), and were its revolving force to cease, would 

 fall to the Earth like a stone from a sling (Humb. cosm. ii.). 



" In this year" (Sm. b. d.), the revolted Egyptians under Inarus defeated by the Persian general 

 Megabyzus. — Herodotus iii. 12 in visiting Egypt, found the battle-field covered with bones and skulls 

 of the slain. 



As early probably as this date (Herodot. ii. 32), Etearchus king of the Oasis of Ammon visited 

 by Nasamonians, who stated that some of their young men had crossed the Great Desert, and were 

 carried by dwarfish people whose language they did not understand (Hottentot Race) to a city on the 

 banks of a great river, containing crocodiles and flowing from West to East ; supposed by Etearchus 

 to be the Nile; — Herodotus ii. 29 further speaks of a great navigable lake " 40 -)- 12 "days sail 

 with the current beyond Meroe. 



Soymida sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A large Meliaceous tree called " m'bawa " (Grant) ; 

 and probably furnishing some of the canoes on the Lake and rivers : — observed by Grant in " 3° N." 

 on the Nile, and immense canoes made by the Wahiyow from its trunk. 



Nov. gen. near Copaifera of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree fifty feet high called " miombo " 

 (Grant) ; and possibly furnishing some of the canoes in question : — observed by Grant from " 5 30' to 

 2° 30' S., alt. 4148 feet," its bark made into boats roofing grain-bins and cloth, and its wood into 

 rafters. 



Slerculia tomentosa of Equatorial Africa. A tree called "m'loolooma" (Grant) ; and probably in 

 some instances furnishing the required cordage : — observed by Guillemin and Perrotett in Senegambia ; 

 by Grant, in 3 N. on the Nile, the seeds eaten in dearths, and cordage made from the bark of 

 young trees. 



Hibiscus (Abelmoschus) heterotrichus of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Probably in some instances 

 furnishing the required cordage : — received from Africa by E. Meyer ; observed by Grant ■' among 

 vegetation 2° N." on the Nile, and cordage made from its bark ; by Bojer, on Zanzibar and the main- 

 land opposite, and on the Comoro Islands. By Bojer, carried to the Mauritius Islands. 



Chrysophyllum sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree, probably in some instances furnishing 

 the required cordage : — observed by Grant frequent at " 3 15' N." on the Nile, growing like a huge 

 bush on the face of rocky hills, and ropes made from its inner bark. 



Fiats sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. A tree called " m'chasrae " (Grant) ; and possibly in 

 some instances furnishing the required cordage : — observed by Grant from "6° S. to 3 15' N." on 

 the Nile, its bark used for bark-cloth and ropes, and birdlime gathered from its trunk. 



Sanseviera sp. of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Possibly furnishing a portion of the required 

 cordage: — observed by Grant in Uganda on the Upper Nile, its long leaves yielding beautiful 

 white ropery. 



A sphodelus fistulosus of the more Southern Mediterranean countries. Called in Egypt "burak " 

 (Forsk.) ; and the " anthSrikdn " interwoven with " shoinous " by the Nasamonians to make portable 

 huts — (Herodot. iv. 190), may be compared (" anthgrikon " according to Dioscorides and Pliny 

 being the stem of "asphothelos ") : the "barwak" is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : A. fistulosus was 

 observed by Forskal as far as Cairo growing in the Desert ; by Sibthorp, and Bory, on the Greek 

 islands and the Peloponnesus. Westward, is termed " a. foliis fistulosis " by Tournefort inst. 344; 

 and is known to grow in Southern France and Spain (Moris, iv. pi. 1, Cav. iii pi. 202, and Pers.). 



"455 B. C." (Thucyd., and Clint.), Ithome the acropolis of Messene surrendered to the Spar- 

 tans ; terminating the Third Messenian war. 



"The same year" (Thucyd., and Clint.), in Egypt, capitulation of the Athenian army, deserted 

 by their insurgent allies ; and possession of the country, " the marshes under Amyrtaus " excepted, 

 recovered by the Persians. 



"The same year" (Aristot., and Clint.), logic invented by Zeno of Elea ; and rhetoric, by 

 Empedocles. That fire can be kindled by rays of the sun passing through a glass goblet filled with 

 water, also mentioned by Empedocles — (Clem, strom. vi. 17). 



The KAE¥YAPA or water-clock mentioned by Empedocles (Aristot. respir.), — Aristophanes 

 acharn. 693, Eubulus, and Aristotle poet. 7. (See Scipio Nasica). 



