270 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



''454 B. C." (Blair, and Srn. b. d.), mission of the Romans to Athens, to procure the laws of 

 Solon. 



452 B. C. (= 443 + his " 10th year," in the Mahavamsi iv), Susanaga succeeded by his son 

 Calasoka, now Hindu king. He is called Tulakutchi in the Avadana asoka (Burn. i. 358). 



"451 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Appius Claudius Crassinus and T. Genucius Augurinus 

 consuls; and in conformity with a plan adopted on the return of the mission to Greece, decemviri 

 appointed, including the two consuls, and the Laws of the ten tables promulgated. 



"450 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, decemviri continued, and two additional tables appended, 

 making the Laws of the Twelve tables. 



In this year (431 -\- "about 65 years" of Pamphila= 496, Sm. b. d.), Hellanicus the historian ■ 

 about 46 years old. 



Acacia seyal of Nubia. A thorny tree called in Egypt "seyal" (Del.); and the AKANOAI: 

 A E Y K A I worn there in garlands according to Hellanicus, as well as the M E A A N A I kind — (Athen. xv. 

 24), may be compared : the "akantha l£uke " is described by Theophrastus iv. 2. 8 as a tree covered 

 with thorns, but its wood is weak and not durable, while on the other hand the "melaina" kind 

 (A. Nilotica) is used for ship-building, and the flowers are coronary: the " sijal " is enumerated by 

 Forskal p lvi as affording charcoal of the best quality ; and A. seyal was observed by Granger, 

 Bruce, and Delile, in the Desert between the Nile and the Red Sea from Syene and Thebes to the 

 Valley of the Wandering towards Suez, the thorns white. The "m'salla," to all appearance the same 

 species, was found by Grant along the Nile from 9 N. to 18°, forming forests much broken by 

 elephants feeding on it. The "akanthes thipsathos " according to Theophrastus Iv. 7. 1 the only 

 tree growing along the Red Sea beyond Coptum, or the "spina sitiens '' of Pliny xiii. 50, may also 

 be compared. 



" 419 B. C." (Sm. b. d. . . . ), at Rome, the decemviri illegally continuing in power until the 

 death of Virginia by the hand of her father ; when they were deposed and the old form of govern- 

 ment restored, Valerius and Horatius being appointed consuls. The power of the plebeians was then 

 increased by the Valeria Horatia laws. 



The same year = " 16th year of Artaxerxes ; " the latest date in his reign on the Egyptian monu- 

 ments (C. Mull, fragm. Maneth.). The war against the Persians renewed in this year, the Athenians 

 sending assistance to Amyrtaeus. And before its close, death of Cimon commander of the Athenian 

 fleet on the coast of Cyprus (Sm. b. d.). 



The MEAEATPIAES of Sophocles — (Plin. xxxvii. 11) is admitted to be Guinea fowl, Numida 

 meleagris. Imported (according to the Scylacean Periplus 112, and Mnaseas) only from Pontifin or 

 Crathin, on the African coast outside of the entrance to the Mediterranean ; but of course, derived 

 originally from the country South of the Sahara. The " mglgagris " is mentioned also by Aristotle, 

 Clytus Milesius, Menodotus, Pliny, and Athenaeus. Those carried in the festival of Ptolemy Phila- 

 delphus at Alexandria (Callixen.) were possibly derived through a new route of supply; for in the 

 time of Browne, Guinea fowl were brought into Egypt by the Darfour caravans. 



The H A EKTPO N associated with " mSleagrithfis," but attributed to India by Sophocles — (Plin. 

 xxxvii. 11), is of course »■;/«; copal : brought together with the birds from the country South of the 

 Sahara. By Mnaseas, the associated "electrum" is attributed with the birds to the above-named 

 spot in West Africa; and the same source- of supply is given by Asarubas (Plin. 1. c). The " suc- 

 cinum indicum containing lizards" seen by Archelaus (Plin. 1. c), is clearly gum copal; carried 

 from the Eastern coast of Equatorial Africa. This gum while flowing often envelopes leaves and 

 insects, which continue visible in its hardened state ; and in one instance, a young lizard thus envel- 

 oped was shown me. 



Psoralen bilitminosa of the Mediterranean countries. A leguminous plant called in Greece 

 "agrio triphulli" (Fraas); and the poisonous TP I 4>Y A A ON of Sophocles, — prescribed as medicinal 

 by Euryphon 2 morb. 25 to 38, Nicander, Simus, exhaling according to Dioscorides the odour of 

 bitumen, is referred here by writers : P. bituminosa was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 

 frequent in stony places from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the 

 " triphullon " or " asphaltion " or " knikion " or " menuanthgs " or " oxuphullon " is identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the "tripholioum akoutoum othoratoum " of the Romans; the " acutum trifolium" is 

 identified by Columella vi. 17. 2 with the "asphaltion" of the Greeks; by Scribonius Largus, with 

 the " oxutriphullon ; " and the " trifolium " called by the Greeks " minyanthes " or " asphaltion " is 

 distinguished as coronary by Pliny xxi. 30 to 88 : P. bituminosa is described by Matthioli p. 608, 

 and Dodoens p. 566 (Spreng.) ; is termed "trifolium bitumen redolens " by Tournefort inst. 404; is 

 known to grow in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 



Onopordum Arabicum of the Mediterranean countries. A thistle called by the Arabs of Barbary 

 "suchaha" (Matthioli), in Greece " agkathi " (Sibth.) ; and the I" P A I AS : AK A N O H S : PAPPOS 

 of Sophocles — (Plut. disp. epicur. 19) may be compared; also the "akantha aravike " growing 



