OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 27 1 



according to Dioscorides in rough uneven places, astringent and resembling in character "leuke 

 akanthe," and in the added Synonyms identified with the "akanthin:" O. Arabicum was observed 

 by Sibthorp frequent in Greece. Westward, the " akantha aravike " is further identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the " spina " of the Romans ; but the account by Pliny xxiv. 65 of the " spinae arabicae " 

 seems taken from Dioscorides : O. Arabicum is termed " carduus tomentosus acanthi folio altissimus 

 lusitanicus " by Tournefort inst. 441 ; and is known to grow in Portugal and Southern France (Pers., 

 and Spreng. ; see O. Illyricum and Silybum marianum). 



Narcissus serotinus of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the KAAAIBOTPYS: N A P K I $ 

 SOS of Sophocles oedip. 682 to 713: — the late-blooming "narkissos" of Theophrastus vi. 6 is 

 referred here by Fraas ; and N. serotinus was observed by him, and Chaubard, frequent in moun- 

 tainous situations in Greece. Westward, the "sera comans narcissus" of Virgil geor. iv. 122 is 

 referred here by writers ; N. serotinus is termed " n. autumnalis minor " by Clusius hist. pi. 252 ; and 

 is known to grow in Algeria, Morocco, and in various parts of Southern Europe (Desf. i. p. 283, 

 Schousb. i. p. 141, and Pers.). 



''448 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), Sacred war between the Delphians and Phocians for the possession 

 of the Oracle and temple : the Lacedaemonians assisting the Delphians, and the Athenians the 

 Phocians. 



" In or about this year " (Sm. b. d.), at Athens, a prize for comedy gained by the Archilochi of 

 Cratinus. 



Acer creticum of Crete and Greece. A species of maple called in Greece " sphfinthamni " (Fraas) 

 or "sphentani" (E. Soph.); in which we recognize the S$ENAAMNINAI of Cratinus, — Aris- 

 tophanes acharn. 181, Plutarch, and Athenaeus, that of the plains distinguished as "glelnos" accord- 

 ing to Theophrastus iii. n : A. Creticum is described by Plukenet phyt. pi. 251 ; is termed "a. 

 orientalis hederas folio" by Tournefort cor. 43 ; was observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of 

 Crete ; by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, and regarded by him as the special maple of Greece ; was 

 observed however by Hogg as far West as Sicily. "A. obtusifolium" mentioned also by Tournefort 

 cor. 43, and observed by Sibthorp on the mountains of Crete, is regarded by Chaubard and Fraas as 

 not distinct. 



Melilotus Cretica of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece with other species 

 "triphulli" (Fraas): the MEAIAQTOS of Cratinus, — and Aristotle, mentioned as coronary by 

 Alexis, and Nicander ther. 897, as remarkable for permanence of odour by Theophrastus caus. vi. 

 14, the best kind according to Dioscorides growing in Attica and Cyzicum and around Carthage 

 saffron-coloured and fragrant, is referred here by Fraas: M. Cretica is termed "m. cretica fructu 

 maximo" by Tournefort inst. 407; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in the 

 Peloponnesus, conspicuous in the spring from the beauty of its fragrant yellow flowers. Westward, 

 is described by Bauhin prodr. pi. 142 ; and was observed by Desfontaines ii. p. 193 in Barbary. 



Ruta graveolens of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain herb of grace or rue (Prior), 

 in France "rue" (Nugent), in Germany " raute," in Italy "ruta" (Lenz), in Greece "peganos," or 

 by the Turks "jaban sedef" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the PHTANON of Cratinus, — Aris- 

 tophanes, Philoxenus of Cythera, Aristophon, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Nicander, Athenaeus ii. 62 to 

 xiv. 50, and " peganon kepJuton " of Dioscorides : R. graveolens was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople, frequent 

 both wild and cultivated ; and according to Persoon, and Clot-Bey and Figari, has been long known in 

 the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the " peganon kepSuton " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " routa 

 ortfinsis" of the Romans ; the 'ruta" is enumerated by Pliny xix. 45 as long cultivated in Italy, on 

 record under the consulship of Cornelius Cethego and Quintius Flamininus ; is mentioned also by 

 Ovid, Petronius, and Martial: R. graveolens is described by Dodoens pi. 119, and Lobel pi. 52; is 

 termed "r. sylvestris major" and "r. hortensis latifolia " by Tournefort inst. 257; was observed 

 by Forskal wild near Marseilles ; is known to grow also in Barbary, Italy, and other parts of South- 

 ern Europe (Shakesp., Pers., and Lenz), is besides cultivated as far as Britain. Eastward from the 

 Mediterranean, is called " saturee " in the environs of Bombay, where it was observed by Graham 

 " in gardens " but "by no means common; " has however been long cultivated in Hindustan (Ainsl. 

 mat. ind.) : was observed by Thunberg in Japan, and called " mats kase so." By European colonists, 

 was carried before 1669 (Josselyn) to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens. The plant 

 according to Lindley was "once in repute as an emmenagogue, antispasmodic and anthelmintic," 

 and "is still used in the form of 'rue tea' in domestic medecine." 



Ruta Chalepensis of the East Mediterranean countries. Closely resembling the preceding, but 

 distinguished by its fringed petals, and called in Greece "apeganos" (Forsk., and Sibth.) or by the 

 Turks "sendef," in Egypt "saendeb," in Yemen "schedab" (Forsk.), in Egyptian " vatshoutsh " — 

 (transl. Luke, and ms. Borg.), being probably the "peganon " cultivated in Palestine of Luke xi. 42 : 

 R. Chalepensis was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt, where according to 



