OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 273 



is termed "ph. fruticosa salvia? folio latiore et rotundiorg " by Tournefort inst. 177 ; and is known to 

 grow in Italy, Sicily, and Spain (Pers., and Lenz ; see Salvia officinalis). 



Euphorbia characias of the Mediterranean countries. A kind of spurge called in Italy " caracia " 

 or ''titimalo caracia" (Lenz), in Greece "phlomos" or "galazitha" or " tithumald " (Sibth.); in which 

 we recognize the TI6YMAAA0N of Cratinus, — Phrynichus, the Hippocratic writings, described 

 as red-stemmed by Micion, and Cratevas, and the " tithumalos arren " of Theophrastus ix. n. 8 iden- 

 tified by Dioscorides with " t. karakias " growing in rough mountainous situations, and red-stemmed 

 with olive-like leaves : E. characias was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in 

 Greece in rough stony places to the height of "two thousand" feet. Westward, the "tithymallus " 

 is mentioned by Columella ; and " tithymalus characias " by Pliny xxvi. 39 : E. characias is termed 

 '• t. characias rubens peregrinus " by Tournefort inst. 85 ; was observed by Forskal on mountains 

 near Marseilles ; and is known to grow in Italy, Sicily, Spain, and as far as middle Europe (Lam. fl. 

 fr., Pers., and A. Dec). 



M uscari comosum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Germany " schopf-hyacinthe " 

 (Fraas), in Greece "vourvos" or "vorvos" or "volvo" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the BOAESS2 

 of Cratinus, — Eupolis, Callias, Archestratus, Xenarchus, Theophrastus vii. 13, Heraclides Tarenti- 

 nus, Athenaeus ii. 64, and " volvos Sth6thimos " known to every one according to Dioscorides : of 

 " bulborum " some are eaten crude, as in the Taurian Chersonesus, and the names of six kinds dis- 

 tinguished in Greece are further enumerated by Pliny xix. 30 : M. comosum was observed by Sib- 

 thorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from Cyprus and the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus, flowering 

 at the opening of Spring and the root eaten ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. 

 Westward, next after the "bulborum" of the Taurian Chersonesus those of Numidia in the days of 

 Pliny were most esteemed, the third place being assigned to those of Southern Italy : M. comosum 

 is enumerated by Anguillara p. 119 as eaten in Crete, Corcyra, and Italy; is termed " m. arvense 

 latifolium purpurascens " by Tournefort inst. 347 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is 

 known to grow in waste ground as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 126, and Pers.). 



Ophrys ferrum-equinum of the Mediterranean countries. The KOSMOSANAAAON of Cra- 

 tinus, — worn in garlands by the Spartans according to Clearchus, growing according to Pausanias 

 ii. 35 in the Peloponnesus, its flower large agreeing in colour with the " uakinthos " and in like man- 

 ner marked with letters, is referred here by Sprengel : O. ferrum-equinum is described by Desfon- 

 taines (ami. mus. x. pi. 15). 



Liliutn Chalcedonicum of the mountains of the East Mediterranean and Tauro-Caspian coun- 

 tries. Called in Greece " krinos " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the " krinon agrion " or krinanth£- 

 mon " or " porphuranthes " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " iokroi," and HMEPOKAAAEI 

 of Cratinus, — and Athenaeus xv, having according to Dioscorides a large bulb-like root, stem and 

 leaves " krinS "-like, and on each branch three or four pale flowers resembling those of "krino" 

 beginning to open: the red "krinon" is mentioned by Theophrastus vi. 6: "his rouges" were 

 observed by Belon at Constantinople : L. Chalcedonicum is termed " I. Byzantium miniatum " by 

 Tournefort inst. 371 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in mountain-ravines from Zante to Par- 

 nassus ; is known to grow also in Persia (Pers.). Westward, the "rubens lilium " called by the 

 Greeks " crinon" is mentioned by Pliny xxi. n : the "emSrokallis " or " emgrokatallaktos " or "volvos 

 6 aimatikos " or " antikantharon " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " avivlavon" of the Numid- 

 ians, and " voulvoum '' or " glioum agrgstgrn " or " £lioum marinoum " of the Romans, but is sepa- 

 rately mentioned by Pliny xxi. 90 : L. Chalcedonicum is known to grow wild in Carniolia, and in a few 

 localities in Italy (Pers., and Lenz). 



Lilium bulbiferum of the mountains of Southern Europe. Included perhaps in the " em£ro- 

 kallei " of Cratinus, — and Dioscorides, referred here by Matthioli p. 631 : the " krinon " producing 

 drops and multiplied by planting them, is mentioned by Theophrastus ii. 2 : L. bulbiferum was 

 observed by Fraas on mount Parnassus ; and farther East, by Thunberg in Japan (Steud.). 

 Westward, is known to grow in Austria, Italy, and other parts of Southern Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 

 226, Pers., and Lenz). 



Asphodelus luteus of the Mediterranean countries. The AN6EPIK0S of Cratinus,— 

 Phrynichus, Theophrastus vi. 2. 9 to vii. 13. 4, or the " anthgrix " by boys according to Theocritus 

 i. 52 woven into a trap to catch grasshoppers, is referred here by Stackhouse ; "anthenkon " accord- 

 ing to Dioscorides ii. 199, and Pliny xxii. 32, being the stem of the " asphothglos : " A. luteus is 

 described by C. Bauhin pin. 28 ; is termed " a. luteus et flore et radice " by Tournefort inst. 343 ; 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent from the Peloponnesus to Parnassus ; by Hogg, 

 frequent in the wooded region of Etna ; and is known to grow as far as Switzerland (Hall. 1206, 



and Pers.). 



"447 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, quaestors, hitherto appointed by the consuls, tor the first 

 time elected by the people ; M. Geganius Macerinus and C. Julius Julus being consuls. 



35 



