274 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Probably in "the second half of the fifth century B. C." (Lubke and Lutrow), building of the 

 temple to Neptune at Pactum in Italy. — The temple there to Ceres, is referred " at the earliest " to 

 "the second century B. C." . 



"446-5 B. C." (Plut. malign. 26, and Euseb. p. 169), Herodotus reading his historical work at 



the Panathenaea at Athens. 



The Arabs are mentioned by Herodotus iii. 8 as worshipping Dionysus (the god of Sinai) under 

 the name of OYPOTAA (Allahou-Taala " God supreme), and Uranie under the name of AAIAAT 

 (Al-alihat'' subordinate divinities, Pococke, and Percev. i. 74). 



The K E ATO I or Celts inhabiting Western Europe, are mentioned by Herodotus 11. 33, — Ephip- 

 pus, Ephorus, Alexis, Polybius, Strabo, Arrian, and others. 



The "KPOBY80I on the Ister" mentioned by Herodotus iv. 49 — are regarded by Talvi as 

 probably the Krivitshi ; a Slavonian tribe now within the limits of Russia : the " Krovuzoi " and 

 other Slavi are mentioned by Strabo vii. 6. 5, Pomponius Mela, Pliny, Tacitus, and Claudius Ptolemy 

 iii. 10. The Slavonians are distinctly described and named by Jornandes, Procopius, Menander, and 

 the abbot John of Biclar; and towards the close of the Eleventh century, are found "in possession, 

 partly as masters and partly as servants, of the whole vast extent of territory which they now occupy ; " 

 being very nearly half of Europe. 



The MAPATAOS of Herodotus ii. 44, — or " smaragthos " of Plato phaed. no, and Cosmas 

 Indicopleustes xi. p. 339, is admitted to be the emerald j derived of course from the emerald mines 

 of Upper Egypt. 



The sturgeon of the large rivers of Southern Russia is mentioned by Herodotus iv. 53, together 

 with the drying or salting of its flesh. — Isinglass ox fish-glue " ihthuocolla," probably obtained 

 from the sturgeon, is described by Dioscorides. Pliny xxxii. 24, and Aelian. 



Kvmphcm lotus of Tropical Eastern Asia. A white water-lily called in Egypt "naufar" 

 (Forsk.) or "bachenyn el-khanzyr" (Del.): during the inundation of the Nile, according to Herodotus 

 ii. 02, a KPINON called by the Egyptians AQTOS makes its appearance in immense quantities 

 and the root and seeds are collected and eaten ; nothing is said about the colour of the flowers, — 

 but the white-flowered 'T6tos " of Egypt having a rounded edible root as large as a quince is men- 

 tioned by Theophrastus iv. 9 to 11, and Dioscorides : the " bisnin el-hanziri " is distinguished by Ebn 

 Baitar; and its root, though extremely similar, is according to Delile pi. 60 considered inferior to 

 that of the blue-flowered kind (see N. ccerulea) : N. lotus was also observed" by Alpinus, and Forskal, 

 in Lower Egypt, but to the end of my journey I met with no traces of a living Nymphaea, being as 

 was alleged in the wrong season. N. lotus was observed by Beauvois pi. 78 in Equatorial Africa 

 as far as the Atlantic ; was carried also to a lake in Hungary before the days of Waldstein and 

 Kitaibel pi. 15. The leaves are described by Sprengel as downy underneath, agreeing therefore with 

 the " N. pubescens " called " koee " or " kummul " according to Graham in the environs of Bombay, 

 and " very common throughout the Concans during the rains ; " observed there by myself, by Rheede 

 xi. pi. 26 in Malabar, by Roxburgh ii. p. 577, and Wight 57, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, 

 in Burmah and called " kya-phyoo ; " known to grow also on Java and the Moluccas (Rumph. vi. 

 p. 172, and A. Dec). 



Aeschynomene aspera of Eastern Equatorial Africa. Perennial, floating, and called in Malabar 

 " attekudasa," in Tamil " attoonette,'' in Bengalee " phool-sola," in Hindustanee "shola'' or "tola" 

 (Drur.); and the *AOINHN or $AOYN of India, harvested according to Herodotus iii. 98 from 

 the river, beaten and woven like basket-work into the form of a corselet, and worn by the fishermen, 

 — may be compared : Ae. aspera was received by Breynius cent- pi. 52 from India (Pers.) ; is termed 

 "hedysarum lagenarium " by Roxburgh iii. 365, was observed by him abundant in the marshes in 

 Bengal, and the borders of jheels and lakes between Calcutta and Hurdwar; by Wight, and Drury, 

 " in tanks and lakes " in the peninsula, the pith " much used for the manufacture of hats, bottle-cases, 

 and similar articles, it being a bad conductor of heat," is also made up into " fishing-floats," and 

 is gathered "in April and May." Westward, the "solah" of India was observed by Grant in 

 Equatorial Africa, in marshes generally and called " m'paecee," seven feet high, affording " floats 

 for nets." 



Hibiscus {Abelwoschus') esculentus of Equatorial Africa. The okro or goinbo is called in Burmah 

 " yung-ma-ds " (Mason), in Bengalee "dhenroos," in Tamil "venday," in Malabar "vendah," in 

 Telinga "benda," in Hindustanee "bhindi" or " ramturi " (Drur.), in the environs of Bombay 

 "bendy" or "ram toorai" (Graham), in Nubia " djyoundou " (Del.), in Congo and Angola " quillobo " 

 (Piso), in Yemen and Egypt "bamia" (Forsk.), in Greece " vamies" (Bory) ; and the plant growing 

 according to Herodotus iii. 100 spontaneously in India, its capsule with the " keghros "-like seeds 

 cooked and eaten, — may be compared : A. esculentus was observed by Loureiro in Anam ; by Mason 

 "exotic" in Burmah; by Moon, on Ceylon; by Roxburgh, Wight, Gibson, Graham, and Drury, 

 throughout Hindustan, "a most useful esculent, and much cultivated," used also medicinally as emol- 



