OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 275 



lient and demulcent; but according to Piddington, has no Sanscrit name. Westward, the "bamiat" 

 is mentioned by Abu'l Abbas Nebati, Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar : A. esculentus was observed by 

 Forskal under cultivation in Yemen ; by myself, the fruit in market at Mocha; by Schweinfurth iii. 

 to vi, wild on the Upper Nile as well as cultivated by the Bongo; is known to be cultivated in West- 

 ern Equatorial Africa (fl. Nigr.) ; was observed by Alpinus, Forskal, and Delile, under cultivation 

 in Egypt ; by Forskal, and Bory, cultivated also in Asia Minor and Greece; and was already known 

 to Matthioli pi., and Lobel pi. Through European colonists, was carried from Africa to Brazil 

 before 1658 (Pisoii. 31); reached Surinam before 1686 (Commelyn, and A. Dec), the West Indies 

 before the days of Sloane, and continues under frequent cultivation in our Southern States. 



The OPriEMPAIOI living peaceably at the base of high mountains, appealed to in disputes 

 among the neighbouring tribes, wearing the Scythian dress but having a peculiar language, flat-nosed 

 with a large chin and said to be bald from birth both men and women, clearly belong to the Mongo- 

 lian Race. 



Cerasus padus of middle Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bird cherry 

 (Prior), in France " merisier " (A. Dec), and Erman on the Ural found an edible preparation made 

 of the fruit by the Baschkirs and called "atschui ;' in which we recognize the ASXY made by the 

 Orgiempaei of fruit of a tree called PONTIKON, according to Herodotus iv. 23. —Westward, C. 

 padus occurs in remnants of the fruit among debris of the early lake-villages of Switzerland (Troyon); 

 and is known to grow wild in middle Europe (Mill., Engl. bot. pi. 1383, and Lam. fl. fr.). Abounds 

 according to Lindley "in the oil of bitter almonds, and consequently is a dangerous poison." (See 

 Larix Europasa). 



Acacia Stephaniana of the shores of the Caspian. The " ashu " — is however referred here by 

 Breyn, and Sprengel gesch. 88: A. Stephaniana is described by Buxbaum, and is known to grow 

 about the Caspian. 



Pistacia lentiscus of the wooded portion of the Mediterranean countries. The mastich tree is 

 called in France "lentisque" (Fife), in Italy " lentiscio " or "lentischio" (Lenz), in Greece "shinos" 

 (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the SXINOS of Herodotus iv. 177, — mentioned as a tree by 

 Theophrastus ix. 4. 7, and Dioscorides : gum mastich "mastihe" is mentioned as its product by 

 Theophrastus ix. 1. 2, procured according to Dioscorides of the best quality on Chios; as to the 

 present day, and in especial repute among the Arabs (Tourn. trav., Niebuhr p. 144, and Spreng.) : 

 P. lentiscus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, abounding in dry stony soil from the 

 Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Palestine (Pers.) ; and may 

 have been once cultivated in Egypt, for Egyptian " mastihe " is mentioned by Galen, and Paulus of 

 Aegina; was seen by Forskal in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the "lentiscus" is men- 

 tioned by Cato vii, Ovid, Columella, Palladius ; and by Cicero, and Pliny xviii. 61, as cultivated in 

 Italy : P. lentiscus is termed " 1. vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 580 ; is known to grow in Istria and 

 Italy (Lenz), abounding on Sicily, and was observed by Fe"e frequent in Spain. The "sweet fra- 

 grant stimulant resin called mastich," as appears from Lindley, continues to be employed "to 

 strengthen and preserve the teeth," much as in the days of Lucian lexiph. p. 191. (See Atractylis 

 gummifera). 



Rubia tinctorum of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain madder, in Old English 

 "madyr,"from confusion with the coccus insect (Prior), in France "garance" (A. Dec), in Italy 

 "robbia" (Lenz), in Greece "rizari " (Sibth.) or by the Turks "alisari " (Fraas). in Yemen " fua " 

 (Forsk.), in Egypt " fouah " (Del.), in Egyptian " sophovi " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize 

 the " rubiam " identified through Pliny with the EPEYGEAANQ used for dyeing a cloak worn 

 by Lybian women in the days of Herodotus iv. 189, — and in the days of Dioscorides cultivated in 

 Caria : the " gruthrothanon " prescribed in Vict, acut., Steril. p. 20, I Mul. morb., and by Nicander, 

 may also be compared, two kinds being enumerated as medicinal by Dioscorides : cloth dyed with 

 madder has been found around Egyptian mummies ; and "phoua e>uthron " is mentioned by Philon 

 Judaeus r. div. her. 491 : R. tinctorum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 

 from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople, and under cultivation in 

 and around Attica ; by Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; by Forskal, under cultiva- 

 tion on the mountains of Yemen ; but the living plant seems unknown in Hindustan, where according 

 to Graham "madder is imported at Bombay from the Red Sea." Westward from Greece, the 

 "firuthrothanon " is enumerated by Dioscorides as occurring at Ravenna in Italy, and in the added 

 Synonyms is identified with the " lappa minfir " of the Tuscans, and " rouvia passiva " of the Romans ; 

 the "rubia '' abundantly cultivated in Italy, is mentioned by Pliny xix. 17 to xxiv. 56 ; the " warentia," 

 in the capituLtria of Charlemagne ; and the " vermiculum," in " an Anglo-Saxon manuscript of the 

 thirteenth century" (Mayer and Wright 139, and Prior): R. tinctorum is termed " r. tinctorum 

 sativa". by Tournefort inst. 114; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; is known to grow wild 

 in Southern France as well as in Italy (Pers., Bert. fl. ii. 146, and Lenz) : and its cultivation re- 



