276 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



introduced by Althen in the middle of the Eighteenth century, continues successful in France and 

 Germany, and as far as Holland (Gasparin agric. iv. 253, and A. Dec). The plant according to 

 Lindley is said " to be tonic, diuretic and emmenagogue." 



Eleusine coracana of Tropical Africa. A grass called in Tamil " kayvaru " or " kelwaragoo," in 

 Telinga "tamida" or " sodec " or "ponassa," in Bengalee "murooa," in Hindustanee " nachem " or 

 by the Mohammedans " rag-ee " (Drur.), in Malwa " mand," in the environs of Bombay sometimes 

 " nagla " (Graham), on Zanzibar " weembi '' (heard by myself), in Interior Africa " oolezee " (Grant) ; 

 and "the grain $ TEPMATI used according to Herodotus iii. 97 both by the Ethiopians and Calan- 

 tian Indians, — may be compared: E. coracana was observed by myself on Zanzibar, specimens 

 shown as cultivated about the mouths of the Jub under the Equator ; by Grant, everywhere on his 

 route, cultivated and yielding flour and coarse beer; was observed by Vesling in 1638 in Egypt, and 

 by C.ivallini in 1689 on Malta, but from these two countries has disappeared. Eastward, was observed 

 by Rheede xii. pi. 78 in Malabar; by Graham, "extensively cultivated by the hill people on the 

 slopes of the great range of Ghauts, and forms their principal article of diet ; " by Roxburgh, in other 

 parts of Hindustan, but never seen " in a wild state ; " and according to Drury, '■ is the staple grain 

 of the Mysore country" and "perhaps the most productive of Indian cereals." Farther East, was 

 observed by McClelland in Pegu (Mason v. 478) ; and by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation 

 in Japan. 



445 B. C. = "20th year of Artaxerxes " (Neh. ii. 1 to vi. 15), Nehemiah "cupbearer" to Artax- 

 erxes, permitted to visit Jerusalem as "governor;" and under his direction, the city- wall rebuilt in 

 "fifty and two days." 



" The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, the Canuleian law ; permitting marriage between patri- 

 cians and plebeians ; which had been taken away by the Twelve tables. 



"In this year" (Sm. b. d.), the five years' truce having expired, Attica invaded by the Lacedae- 

 monians ; and a new truce concluded, to last thirty years. 



The PONTIAS: XEAQNHof Crates (Athen. iii. p. 117) is clearly a turtle or sea tortoise — pos- 

 sibly Chelonia coriacea known to sometimes enter the Mediterranean. 



Brassica campestris of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain turnip from the Latin 

 " terrae napus" (Prior), in France "navet" (Nugent), in Germany "rube," in Italy " turnepi " or 

 "rapa domestica" or " rapa tonda " (Lenz), in Greece "rave's" (Fraas), in Egypt "lift" (Del.); in 

 which we recognize the "rapa" of the Romans identified through Syn. Diosc. with the TOrTYAI 

 SI N of Crates, — Callias, Aristophanes, Euphron, Polemon, Diodes, having a fleshy root according 

 to Theophrastus i. 6. 6, mentioned also by Dioscorides, Athenaeus ix., Aretaeus, and further identi- 

 fied in Syn. Diosc. with the "goggule emSros " or "goggulitha" or "golgosion : " B. campestris was 

 observed by Fraas under cultivation in Greece ; by Delile, and Clot-Bey, under cultivation in Egypt ; 

 is known to be also cultivated in Syria; and according to Ledebour i. 217 grows wild throughout 

 Siberia. Westward, the " rapum " is mentioned by Cato, Columella, Palladius, and directions for its 

 cultivation are given by Pliny xviii. 35 : B. campestris continues abundantly cultivated from Italy 

 and Portugal throughout middle and Northern Europe (Pers., and Lenz), and in Sweden and Russia 

 is found to all appearance indigenous (Fries, and A. Dec). Southward and Eastward from Egypt, 

 was observed by myself a dry-rooted weed on Zanzibar; is called in Hindustanee "shalgam," in 

 Bengalee " salgram " (D'roz.) ; was observed by Mason "exotic" in Burmah and called " mung-la-oo- 

 waing ; " by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, under cultivation on Japan and called " kabu " or "kabuna" 

 or "busei," or usually " aona ; " and through native tribes may have been distributed to the islands 

 of the Pacific, where I found it a dry-rooted weed on the Feejeean, Tongan, and Taheitian groups, 

 and New Zealand. Clearly by European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it con- 

 tinues abundantly cultivated ; to Peru, and Australia, observed by myself under cultivation in both 

 countries. In Northern .climates, the plant is often cultivated solely for the oil from its seeds (A. 

 Dec, and others ; see B. napus). 



"444 B. C." (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Military tribunes having consular power elected 

 from patricians and plebeians, but through a defect in the auspices compelled to resign; and L. 

 Pap'irius Mugillanus and L. Sempronius Atratinus appointed consuls. 



" The same year" (Clint.), at Athens, Pericles, one of the governors during twenty-five years, now en- 

 trusted with the sole direction of affairs. — This continued for the remainder of his life, " fifteen years." 



Pa.rieta.ria officinalis of Europe and the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain pcllitoiy 

 or parito-ry of the wall (Prior), in France "parie'taire " (Nugent), in Germany " glaskraut," in Italy 

 "parietaria" (Lenz), in Egypt "hasjijet errihh " wind herb (Forsk.) becoming " anemokleiti " in 

 Greece, where it is also called "pgrthikaki," or by the Turks "ya pu can" (Sibth.); in which we 

 recognize the "perdicium" said to have healed Pericles after his fall from the temple he was building, 

 — from which time the herb began to be called " parthenium " (Plin. xxii. 20) : the " parth£nion " is 

 mentioned by Theophrastus vii. 7. 2 as cooked and eaten; is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 



