OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 277 



"glxine" growing according to Dioscorides on walls and fortifications; and the "perdicium" is 

 further enumerated by Pliny xxi. 62 as eaten by other nations besides the Egyptians : P. officinalis 

 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent on rocks and walls from the Peloponnesus 

 throughout the Greek islands to Smyrna ; by Hasselquist, in Palestine ; and by Forskal, and Delile, 

 in Egypt. Westward, the "pSrthikion" or "parthgnion" of the Greeks is identified by Celsus ii. 33 

 with the " herba muralis ; " by Pliny, with the " asteriscum " or " herba urceolaris ; " and the " herba 

 urceolaris" is mentioned by Scribonius Largus 39 to 158, Marcellus i. 12 to 36, and P. Vegetius i. 

 34 : P. officinalis is termed "p. officinarum et Dioscoridis " by Tournefort inst. 509; was observed 

 by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow from Italy as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. p. 521, 

 Pers., and Lenz). 



" 443 B - C." (Clint), a colony accompanied by Herodotus, and Lysias, sent by the Athenians to 

 Thurium in Italy. 



"The same year" (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Geganius Macerinus and T. Quinctius 

 Capitolinus Barbatus consuls ; the censorship instituted, and L. Papirius Mugillanus and L. Sem- 

 pronius Atratinus, consuls during the preceding year, appointed censors. 



" In this year (= 100 yrs in Budhu-verouse," Mahav., and Mason 39), at Vasali "twenty miles 

 North " from Patna on the Ganges, in the " 10th year of Calasoka," meeting of the Second great 

 Budhist council. Calasoka made inquiry " touching the law called Istewirrewade, and Wineya, and 

 committed them to writing." 



Of the Budhist cave-temples, some are possibly as early as this date. The painted walls of the 

 series at Adjunta disclose an advanced state of society ; respecting which, particulars have already 

 been given in my work on the Races of Man. 



Figures of the [ndian cobra or hooded snake, Naja, occur in the cave-temples at Adjunta, — 

 and in Braminical cave-temples, as witnessed by myself. The worship continues in Hindustan? 

 according to the oral account of a native, for protection against sunstroke and the febrile influence 

 of the sun. 



Figures of the buffalo, Bos ? bubalus, occur in the cave-temples at Adjunta, — and in other 

 cave-temples, Budhist and Braminical, as witnessed by myself: the buffalo is enumerated in the 

 Institutes of Menu among the wild beasts that inhabit the woods (transl. Deslongch.) ; and in another 

 passage, as sometimes employed instead of the bullock for drawing carts (Mason v. p. 174) ; is men- 

 tioned in the Sama Veda (transl. Stev.); under the name of "Indian taurelgphas," by the pseudo- 

 Callisthenes ; as a domestic animal in Hindustan, by Cosmas Indicopleustes xi. p. 334; was seen 

 in Eastern Asia by Marco Polo 118; by myself, from Hindustan throughout the Malayan Archipelago 

 to Luzon, but always in the domesticated state. Westward, is mentioned under the year " 388 A. D." 

 by the Armenian chronologer Samuel Aniensis ; under its Arabic name " djamus," by Ebn Masawia, 

 Temimi, Abd-allatif, Ebn Baitar, and Allatafet ; and was observed by myself in Egypt. 



Nymphcea stellata of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Distinctly figured in the cave-temples 

 at Adjunta, — and in Braminical cave-temples, as witnessed by myself : the blue water-lily is men- 

 tioned by Kalidasa kum. i. 47 and raghuv. vi. 65 : N. stellata was observed in Hindustan by Rheede xi. 

 pi. 27, Wight, and Graham ; and farther East, is enumerated by Mason as indigenous in Burmah and 

 called " kya-nyo." Westward, dried flowers to all appearance of this species were observed by myself 

 in a drug-shop at Mocha: and the living plant has been carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it 

 has become so completely naturalized as to be regarded by Bojer as indigenous. 



Musa paradisiaca of the Siamese countries. The banana is figured on the walls of the cave- 

 temples at Adjunta, — as observed by myself; has Sanscrit names (Pidd., and A. Dec.) ; is called in 

 Bengalee "kala" or "kadali,"in Hindustanee "kela" or "kadli" (D'roz.) ; and was seen under 

 cultivation in Hindustan by Rheede i. pi. 12 to 14, Roxburgh cor. iii. pi. 275, and Graham. East- 

 ward, is enumerated by Mason v. p. 449 as " indigenous " in Burmah, " but the wild fruit is too full 

 of seeds to be eatable ; " var. " seminifera agrestis " a wild seed-bearing kind, also a cultivated seed- 

 bearing kind, were seen by Loureiro p. 791 in Anam ; and M. paradisiaca was found by Finlayson 

 trav. p. 86 wild on the islet of Pulo Ubi at the Southern extreme of Cambodia ; the only seed-bearing 

 kind ever met with by myself, was cultivated by the natives of the Samoan Islands : seedless varieties 

 I found especially numerous on the Philippines ; and one or more, aboriginally introduced throughout 

 the Tropical islands of the Pacific, the Feejeean, Tongan, Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Groups. 

 Westward from Hindustan, was observed by myself introduced from an early perio'd on Zanzibar ; is 

 mentioned by Mohammed in the Koran (Kasimirsk. vers.), and was seen in Yemen by Forskal; is 

 described under the name of "mauz" by Asmai, Ebn Masawia, Abu Hanifa, Avicenna, Serapion, 

 Abd-allatif, and Ebn Baitar ; and was seen at Alexandria in 1520 by a Portuguese pilot, who also 

 met with it on St. Thomas Island in the Gulf of Guinea. From Egypt also, the plant was carried 

 mostly or altogether by Europeans to Malta, the Canaries, Madeira, the Azores, even here (I was 

 informed by Nuttall) in certain situations ripening fruit : from the Canaries, was carried in 1516 by 



