OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 279 



Columella, as growing in Italy, and the "zuram" seeds of the Numidians are identified by Pliny 

 xvi. 41 and xxiv. 71 : P. aculeatus is termed "paliurus" by Tournefort inst. 616, "p. spina Christi " 

 by Miller ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow also in Italy and other 

 parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 



Satureia thymbra of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "thumvro " or "thrimve" 

 (Sibth.) in which we recognize the 6YMBPA of Euripides rhes. 508, — Eupolis, Demochares, 

 Theophrastus, Nicander, Athenaeus, eaten according to Aristophanes nub. 421 and acharn. 254, 

 sometimes cultivated according to Dioscorides, and the " thrumve " of the Geoponica x. 42 : 

 S. thymbra was observed by Honorius Bellus on Crete (Clus. 304) ; by Sibthorp, abounding on the 

 Greek islands and in Southern Greece, the dried herb bruised and scattered over dishes as seasoning 

 (Walp. p. 244). Westward, the "thymbra" is termed "graviter spirans" by Virgil geor. v. 30, is 

 mentioned also by Columella, and Pliny xix. 50: S. thymbra is described by Barrelier pi. 898 ; is 

 termed "thymbra legitima" by Tournefort inst. 197; and is known to grow in Italy, Sardinia, and 

 Tripoli (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). "Thymus tragoriganum " observed by Alpinus exot. pi. 78 on 

 Crete, by Sibthorp on Cyprus and in Boeotia, is regarded by Bory as not distinct. 



Poa pratensis of Europe and Northern Asia. A grass called in Sweden " slater-groe " (Linn.). 

 The P I A of Euripides cycl. 333, — or " pua " of Eubulus (Athen.), or " poa " among later Greeks 

 a term usually employed in a general sense for herb, but the " poa " properly so called of Theo- 

 phrastus i. 6. 6 to vii. 8. 3 and caus. iii. 20. 9 is referred here by C. Bauhin pin. 1, under the name of 

 "poa Theophrasti " (Linn.) : P. pratensis is described also by Ray syn. 409, is termed "gramen pra- 

 tense paniculatum majus latiore folio " by Tournefort inst. 521, and is known to grow from Lapland 

 throughout middle Europe (Curt. lond. ii. pi. 5, Pers., Wats., and A. Dec), also about Caucasus and 

 in Siberia (Georgi, and Kunth) ; was observed by Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 abundant in the meads of the Peloponnesus. Westward, by Hooker on Iceland ; by Herzberg, at 

 "57° 20'" near Okak in Labrador (Meyer, and Schlecht. in linn. 1835); grows according to Hooker 

 fl am. ii. 246 throughout Canada, and according to A. Gray is "indigenous" on the White moun- 

 tains : farther South along the Atlantic, seeds having been imported with those of other grasses for 

 cultivation, has become abundantly naturalized in our Middle States ; was observed by Chapman in 

 our Southern States "mostly around dwellings, introduced;'' by Short, in Kentucky; and by Nut- 

 tall, on the Arkansas. 



Poa trivialis of Europe and Northern Asia. Resembling and probably included with the pre- 

 ceding by the Greeks: — distinguished by the Swedes under the name of " betes-groe " (Linn.); 

 termed "gramen pratense paniculatum medium" by C. Bauhin pin. ii., theatr. 2°, and Tournefort 

 inst. 521, "poa scabra " by Ehrhart ; described also by Ray syn. 409, and known to grow from Lap- 

 land and Russia to the Mediterranean (Curt. lond. ii. pi. 6, Pers., and Wats.), also in the Tauro-Cau- 

 casian countries (Bieb ) and throughout Siberia to Japan (Georgi, and Kunth) ; was observed by 

 Linnaeus in Sweden ; by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the meads of the Peloponnesus. Westward, by 

 Hooker on Iceland ; by Herzberg, at 57 in Labrador (Meyer, Schlecht., and A. Dec.) ; by myself, 

 in the environs of Salem, brought apparently among imported grass seed; by A. Gray, in "moist 

 meadows" in central New York, "less common and less valuable than the" preceding species, and 

 regarded by him as " naturalized " only. 



Boletus luridus of Europe. The " thanasimos mukes " on which Euripides wrote an epigram — 

 according to Eparchides (Athen. ii. 56), or the poisonous kind mentioned by Ephippus, Nicander, 

 Dioscorides, and in the Geoponica xiv. 24, may be compared : B. luridus is known to grow in Italy 

 and middle Europe, and is called in Germany " hexenpilz " (Schaeff., Spreng., and Lenz). 



The MArNHTIS: A I 60 S of Euripides oen. — (Hesych.), prescribed as purgative in Int. affect. 

 21 and by Rufus Ephesius (Cribas. vii. 26), and described by Theophrastus lap. 41 as a white stone 

 hard enough to be worked, is referred by Daremberg to carbonate of 7nagnesia. 



"440 B. C. = 1st year of Kao-wang, of the Tcheou" or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 

 "The same year" (Diodor. xiii. 18. 2, and C. Mull, geogr. min. i. p. xxi), war again carried into 

 Sicily by the Carthaginians, now under Hannibal and Himilco son of Hanno. Agrigentum, Gela, and 

 other cities, captured and plundered, and the spoils removed to Carthage. 



"The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome famine, and a praefectus annonae first appointed. Sp. 

 Maelius, a wealthy plebeian, employing his fortune in purchasing corn in Etruria, selling at a low 

 price to the poor and distributing gratuitously. 



" In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Samos revolting against the Athenians, and defended by the philos- 

 opher Melissus ; — but in the ninth month subdued by Pericles and his associate generals, including 

 the poet Sophocles. 



"439 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), T. Quinctius Capitolinus Barbatus and Agrippa Menenius Lanatus 

 consuls, the pretended conspiracy of Sp. Maelius. L. Quinctius Cincinnatus for the second time 

 appointed dictator, and Sp. Maelius attempting to avoid arrest, illegally slain by the magister 

 equitum. 



