280 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"438 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes with consular power holding the place of 

 consuls ; revolt of the citizens of Fidena (about " five miles " from Rome), who after murdering the 

 Roman ambassadors ally themselves with the neighbouring Etruscan city of Veii. 



" In this year" (Anon de com., Mein., and Sm. b. d.) at Athens now dominant in the affairs of 

 Greece, the prize for comedy gained for the first time by Pherecrates. 



Hrvum tetraspermum of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain with some similar weeds 

 tare (Prior): the A#AKHN of Pherecrates, — eaten by sheep according to Aristotle viii. 10, and 

 Phanias of Eresus, enumerated among Leguminous plants by Theophrastus viii. 1. 4 to 11. 1, grow- 

 ing according to Dioscorides in cultivated ground, slender-leaved and taller than " phakou " lentil, 

 with larger pods and three or four smaller black seeds, mentioned also by Athenaeus ix. 71, and 

 Paulus Aegineta, may be compared : E. tetraspermum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 in fallow ground from the Peloponnesus to Caria in Asia Minor. Westward, the account of the 

 "aphaca" by Pliny xxvii. 21 seems taken from Dioscorides: E. tetraspermum is termed " vicia 

 segetum singularibus siliquis glabris " by Tournefort inst. 397 ; is known to occur as a weed through- 

 out middle Europe (Curt. lond. i. pi. 55, and Pers.). Eastward from Greece, was observed by Thun- 

 berg in Japan, along roadsides everywhere and called " no iendo.'' By European colonists, was carried 

 to Northeast America, where it continues in waste ground in our Atlantic States. 



Satureja capitata of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " thumari " or 

 "thumio " (Sibth.), in Egyptian "stJphane" (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the 6 YM Q of Phere- 

 crates, — Choerilus of Samos, Eupolis, Aristophanes, Antiphanes, Crates the cynic, Theophrastus, 

 Ariston, Nicander, Athenaeus ii. 60, not growing according to Hegesander so far North as the 

 Hellespont, and according to Dioscorides small and shrubby with heads of purple flowers : S. capi- 

 tata was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, one of the most frequent plants in sunny situa- 

 tions from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; is known to grow also in Palestine 

 (Pers.), and was observed by Delile on the .Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the "thumos" 

 or " Spithumis " or " thursion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mozoula " of the Dacians, and 

 " thoumoum " of the Romans ; the " thymum " is mentioned by Virgil, Celsus, Columella, and from 

 being celebrated for the honey from its flowers was brought from Attica and sown in Italy, the stony 

 plains of Narbon in Southern France being already filled with it in the days of Pliny xxi. 31 : S. capi- 

 tata is described by Matthioli comm. p. 531 ; is termed " t. capitatus qui Dioscoridis " by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 196; and has become abundant along the Mediterranean as far as Portugal (Brot., and 

 Spreng.). 



Urtica pilulifera of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain Roman nettle (Prior), and 

 by a name corresponding to " Roman " or " Italian nettle" in Germany in the days of Gerarde (A. 

 Dec), in Greece " tziknitha " (Sibth.), in Egypt " kurres " (Forsk.) or '• zorbeh " or " fisah klab " 

 (Del.) ; in which we recognize the " knithe " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the Egyptian " s£16p- 

 sion," and AKAAH$AI£ of Pherecrates, — Eupolis, Aristophanes, 3 Morb. 18, cooked and eaten 

 according to Diocles, and Theophrastus vii. 7. 2, and according to Dioscorides having fruit like 

 "Iin6sp£rm6 : " the "knithe" is also mentioned by Euryphon 2 morb. 44 to 68, and Hippocrates 

 vict. p. 688 : Pliny xxii. 15 speaks of oil made from the " urtica " in Egypt, and seed imported from 

 Alexandria; and the " korrais " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : U. pilulifera was found by Forskal, 

 Sibthorp, and Fraas, one of the most frequent plants about dwellings from the Peloponnesus through- 

 out the Greek islands to the Dardanelles ; by Forskal, and Delile, as far as Cairo. Westward, the 

 ''akaluphe" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " thun " of the Dacians, and "ourtika" of the 

 Romans: the "urtica" is mentioned by Catullus xliv. 15 ; by Horace, and Apicius, as edible; by 

 Ovid am. i. 417 as " mordax ; " by Pliny xxi. 55 as " acetabulis in flore purpuream lanuginem fun- 

 dentibus:'' U. pilulifera is termed " u. urens pilulas ferens prima Dioscoridis semine lini " by 

 Tournefort inst. 535 ; was observed by Forskal on Malta ; and is known to grow in Italy and other 

 parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). Farther North, is supposed to have been introduced 

 by the Romans into Britain, occurring near Romney naturalized from time immemorial (Park. th. 

 441), is termed "a straunge herbe " by Lyte, is considered foreign by Gerarde p. 571, and according 

 to Watson in other localities has appeared and disappeared (Bromf , A. Dec, and Prior). 



"437 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Geganius Macerinus and L. Sergius (Fidenas) consuls, 

 and M. Aemilius Mamercinus dictator ; the citizens of Veii defeated, and Fidena reconquered. 

 •'436 B. C." (Harpocr., and Clint.), at Athens, building of the propylaea on the acropolis. 

 "435 B - c -" (Sm. b. d.), war between the Corcyreans and Corinthians, and the Corinthians 

 defeated in naval combat. 



Artemisia arborescent of the East Mediterranean seashore. A large species of wormwood called 

 in Egypt " sjaebe " white hair (Forsk.) or " cheybeh " (Del.) ; and the " artemisia " named after 

 Artemis-Ilithyia, — or according to others after Artemisia wife of Mausolus (Plin. xxv. 36), prescribed 

 in Nat. mul. 29, Superfast. 19, 1 Morb. mul. 31, growing according to Dioscorides mostly by the sea- 



