OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 28 1 



side, a branchy shrub resembling " apsinthiS " but with larger and more shining leaves, is referred 

 here by Sibthorp and others : the "shaibah " of gardens is mentioned by Costa, El Gafeki, and Ebn 

 Baitar : A. arborescens was observed by Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt : and by Sib- 

 thorp, and Chaubard, in beautiful silvery bushes frequent along the seashore of the Peloponnesus and 

 the Greek islands. Westward, the " artemisia " is prescribed by Scribonius Largus 106, and accord- 

 ing to Pliny xxv. 81 to xxvi. 89 is both used medicinally and worn as a charm : A. arborescens is 

 described by Dodoens stirp. 21, and Lobel pi. 753 ; is termed "absinthium arborescens " by Tourne- 

 fort inst. 457 ; and is known to grow as far as Italy and Barbary (Pers., and Spreng.). Is enume- 

 rated by Lindley among the species that "have been used medicinally." (See A. vulgaris). 



One hundred and sixteenth generation. Sept. 1st, 434, mostly beyond youth : the prophet 

 Malachi : the Greek poets, Antimachus of Claros, and Choerilus of Samos ; the comic poets, Myr- 

 tilus, Lysimachus, Phrynichus, Lycis, Leucon, Lysippus, Aristomenes, Teleclides, Cantharus, Cal- 

 lias, Nicomachus ?, Metagenes, Philonides, and Archippus ; the tragic poets, Theognis, Nicomachus, 

 Philocles, Agathon, Antiphon, Carcinus, Nothippus, Acestor, Pythangelus, Xenocles, Sthenelus, Morsi- 

 mus, Melanthius, Morychus, and Iophon ; the philosopher, Prodicus of Ceos ; the miroographer 

 Sophron ; the historians, Antiochus of Syracuse, Stesimbrotus of Thasos, Herodicus, Cratippus, 

 and Herodorus of Heraclea : the orators, Gorgias, and Andocides ; the sophist Protagoras ; the 

 sculptor, Phidias ; the painters, Parrhasius of Ephesus, Panaenus, Polygnotus, Mycon, Pauson, Dio- 

 nysius of Colophon, Aglaophon, Cephissodorus, Phrylus, and Evenor (Bryan). 



433 B. C. = " 32d year of Artaxerxes " (Neh. v. 14 to xiii 6), permission granted by Artaxerxes 

 to Nehemiah governor of Jerusalem, to again visit that city. 



"The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes having consular power holding the 

 place of consuls, and M. Aemilius Mamercinus for the second time dictator; the Aemilian law, limit- 

 ing the duration of the censorship to eighteen months. 



" In this year " (Sm. b. d.), arrival at Athens of embassies from the Corinthians and Corcyreans 

 soliciting assistance : and a defensive alliance formed with the Corcyreans. 



Brassica eruca of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain rocket, in France "roquette" 

 (Prior), in Germany "rauke," in Italy "ruchetta" or "ruca" or "eruca" (Lenz), in Greece 

 " aromatos " or " 6uz6maton " (Sibth.) or "roka" (Fraas), in Egypt "djaerdjir" (Forsk.), in Egyptian 

 "fithrfikiken" (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the EY812MON of Hippolochus, — the 

 Hippocratic writings, Diodes Carystius, Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Athenaeus iv. p. 130, and Galen 

 fac. alim. ii. p. 639 : B. eruca was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus 

 throughout Greece and the Greek islands, frequent in vineyards and cultivated ground and eaten as 

 greens; by Alpinus, Forskal, and Delile, in the gardens of Egypt. Westward, the " Suzdmon " 

 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "asourik" of the Numidians, and " groukam " of the Romans ; 

 the " eruca " is mentioned by Ovid, Columella, and Pliny xx. 49 : B. eruca is termed " sinapis alterum 

 genus " by Fuchsius 539, " e. latifolia alba " by Tournefort inst. 227 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; 

 and is known to occur in waste ground as far as Switzerland and Austria (Bulliard pi. 313, and Pers.), 

 but in Britain perhaps only under cultivation for it is sometimes termed " garden rocket." The seeds 

 according to Lindley "may be substituted for mustard, but are less pungent." (See Sinapis 

 erucoides). 



"432, in the Spring " (Sm. b. d.), the Corinthians defeated by the Corcyreans aided by the 

 Athenians. Revolt of Potidaea from Athens, and in the autumn, a general congress of Peloponnesians 

 to decide upon war against that city. 



"In this year" (Ptol. math. synt. iii. 2, and Blair), the earliest Greek astronomical Observation 

 on record : the summer solstice observed at Athens under the archonship of Apseudes by Meton 

 and Euctemon, on "the twenty-first of the Egyptian month Phamenoth, in the morning, being the 

 27th of June." Eighteen days later, with "the new moon of the 15th of July," the lunar cycle of nineteen 

 years instituted ; called from one of the observers, the Metonic Cycle. 



" Not before this year " (Lubke and Lutrow), the temple to Jupiter at Olympia in Greece 

 completed by Libon of Elis. 



" In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Pericles attacked by the comic poet Hermippus, on the occasion of 

 Aspasia and in connexion with the impending Peloponnesian war. 



Chondrilla juncea of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A lettuce-like herb called in 

 Germany "knorpelsalat," in Italy " lattajola " or "lattugaccio " (Lenz), in Greece " agrio mastihia" 

 (Forsk.) or "kolla" (Sibth.) or "honthros" (Fraas); and the ITAAIAS: XONAPON mentioned by 



Hermippus (Athen. xiv.), may be compared: "honthron" is mentioned also by Aristophanes 



vesp. 749 : the " honthrulla," by Theophrastus vii. 11. 4 as not fit for food and its root containing 

 copious acrid juice ; by Dorotheus, as good for cooking and for the stomach (Plin. xxii. 45) ; by 

 Dioscorides, as sometimes called " seVithos agrias," resembling " kih6ri6 " in stem leaves and flowers 

 but smaller in all its parts, and among its branches exuding a " mastihe "-like gum in grains large as 



36 



