282 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" kuamiaia ; " is further enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt : C. juncea 

 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in vineyards from the Peloponnesus through- 

 out the Greek islands to Constantinople, and on Lemnos its gum collected. Westward, is termed 

 "ch. juncea viscosa arvensis quae prima Dioscoridis " by Tournefort inst. 475 ; was observed by 

 Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known to grow as far as middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 427, and 

 Pers.). 



Chondrilla ramosissima of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called in Greece " honthros " 

 (Fraas), and included perhaps in the "honthros" — or "honthrulla" in question: the " Mron 

 konthrilles " having according to Dioscorides eroded leaves oblong and spreading on the ground, the 

 root slender and full of juice, the stem juicy also and suitable for cooking, is referred here by Fraas : 

 C. ramosissima was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Attica and Boeotia. 



"431 B. C." (Thucyd. ii. 2, and Clint.), commencement of the " Peloponnesian war," against 

 the Athenians. — The war continued nearly "twenty-seven " years. 



" August 3d " (Thucyd. ii. 28, and Clint.), an eclipse. 



"430 B. C." (Thucyd. ii. 47, and Clint.), pestilence at Athens. 



" In this year" (Liv., and Sm. b. d.), to avert pestilence, a temple to Apollo first built at Rome. 

 It was dedicated by the consul C. Julius (Mento). 



"429, autumn" (Clint.), death of Pericles: after governing Athens "forty" years, the last 

 "fifteen" without colleagues. 



Amaranlhus blitum of Tropical Arabia. Called in Germany " gemiisamaranth " (Fraas), in France 

 " amarante blette " (Fee), in Italy " biedone " or " blito " (Lenz), in Greece "vliton" (Sibth.) or 

 " vlita " (Fraas), in Egypt " fisa klab," in Yemen " schedach " (Forsk.). in Egyptian " riplam " or 

 " edilotoripan " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the nickname " vlitomammas " applied to the 

 sons of Pericles — (Muell. note to Festus), also the " vliton " or " vleton " mentioned by Aristophanes 

 nub. 1001, Theopompus, Antiphanes, Menander, Athenaeus ii. 73, and prescribed by Hippocrates. 

 A. blitum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste and cultivated ground 

 from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands ; by Forskal, and Defile, as far as Cairo : and 

 by Forskal, wild in Yemen. Westward, the "vleton" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "vies" 

 of the Dacians, and " vlitoum " cf the Romans; the "blitum" is mentioned by Plautus, and 

 Palladius iv. 9. 17, by Pliny xx 93 as " stomacho inutile" unwholesome food but used medicinally: 

 A. blitum is described by Loliel pi. 250; is termed "blitum sylvestre spicatum " by Tournefort 

 inst. 507 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to occur as a weed as far as middle Europe 

 (Pers., and A. Dec). Eastward from Arabia, is known to occur in Hindustan (Moquin), and the 

 " A. viridis " observed there by Roxburgh iii. 60, by Graham "a common weed in gardens and culti- 

 vated grounds " in the environs of Bombay, no native name being given, is regarded as probably 

 identical. By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed in Virginia (Pers), 

 and by Nuttall in the outskirts of Philadelphia (" A. graecizans " of Willd.) ; to Cuba, Buenos 

 Ayres, Chili, and Peru (C. Gay, and Moq.) ; and to Austral Africa (Drege). 



Euxohis oleraceus of Hindustan. An allied plant distinguished in Yemen as "schedach hindi" 

 (Forsk.) ; and possibly included in the " vliton " in question : — the " vliton " is enumerated among 

 potherbs by Polemon diaet. ii, Theophrastus, and according to Dioscorides is a wholesome esculent 

 of no medicinal use : the "blitum" is enumerated by Alpinus among the esculent plants of Egypt ; 

 and an " amaranthus " called "vliton," with leaves not retuse, was found by Forskal cooked and 

 eaten at Smyrna: E. oleraceus is termed "blitum album majus " by Tournefort inst. 507 ; was 

 observed by Sibthorp in cultivated ground around Constantinople ; by Forskal, under cultivation in 

 Yemen. Eastward, has no Sanscrit name (Roxb., and Pidd.), but in the environs of Bombay is 

 called " tamdoolja " or " maat tambree," and " several varieties are commonly cultivated and used as 

 spinage " (Graham) ; was observed by Roxburgh in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, " exotic " 

 in Burmah, cultivated and called "hen-ka-nway," or by residents Xcpaul spin ige : the " amaranthus 

 mangostanus" of Blanco, cooked and eaten on the Philippines and called in Tagalo " halon," may 

 also be compared. By European colonists, E. oleraceus was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where 

 it is cultivated and called " brede de Malabar grande espece,'' and has become naturalized (Boj.) ; to 

 Tropic il America, where it is also cultivated (A. Dec). 



"429-8 B. C. (= fourth year of 87th Olymp.," Sync, and Sm. b. d.), at Athens, Eupolis first 

 exhibiting comedy. 



Cislus villosus of the Mediterranean countries. A species of rock-rose called in Greece 

 " kounouklia " (Fraas) or " kistari " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " kistharon " or " kissaron" 

 identified through Syn. Diosc. with the KIS60N of Eupolis — (Plut. symp. iv. 1), Mnesimachus, 

 and 1 Morb. mul. 614, usually written " kistos " by Dioscorides, Galen, Athenaeus ix. p. 403, 

 Hesychius, Aetius, and Paulus Aegineta : the " kistos arren " is distinguished by Theophrastus vi. 2 

 as having purplish flowers : C. villosus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, abounding from the 



