OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 283 



Peloponnesus throughout Greece and the Greek islands ; and farther South, the " kisth " is mentioned 

 by Avicenna p. 245 (Spreng.). Westward, the male kind of the " cisthon " of the Greeks is described 

 by Pliny xxiv. 48 as having the flower " rosaceus ; " C. villosus is described by Matthioli valgr. i. 

 p. 159 ; is termed "c. mas major folio rotundiore " by Tournefort inst. 259 ; and is known to grow in 

 Italy, Spain, and Barbary (Desf., and Pers.). 



Cistus salvifolius of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "asprokounouklia " or 

 " agria alesphakia " (Fraas) or " agrio phaskomelia " or " kistari " (Sibth.) and included perhaps in 

 the "kisthon" of Eupolis, — and others : the "kistos thelus " is mentioned by Theophrastus, and is 

 distinguished by Dioscorides as having white flowers : C. salvifolius was observed by Forskal, 

 Sibthorp, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Constantinople. West- 

 ward, the " cisthon " of the Greeks is described by Pliny as a shrub larger than " thymo " with leaves 

 of " ocimi," the female kind having the flower white : C. salvifolius is termed " c. foemina folio salvia; 

 elatior et rectis virgis " by Tournefort inst. 259 ; was observed by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is 

 known to grow also in Carniolia, Italy, Sicily, and as far as Switzerland (Pers., and Spreng.). 



Pisum sativum of the Crimea and neighbouring countries. Called in Britain pea or by old 

 writers pease (Prior), in France "pois" (A. Dec), in Italy " pisello " (Franz), in Greece "pizglia" 

 (Fraas) or " aukos " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the PI SOY of Eupolis, — Aristophanes, 

 Antiphanes, Phanias of Eresus, Theophrastus viii. 3, Athenaeus, and Clemens Alexandrinus 

 Strom, i. 7, (the pea-bug, Bruchus pisi, distinctly mentioned by Theophrastus caus. iii. 27) : P. 

 sativum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus, seldom 

 cultivated but occurring as a weed in cultivated ground ; by Bieberstein ii p. 151, wild on hills in the 

 Crimea (A. Dec.) ; and was seen by Alpinus in Egypt. Westward, the " pisum " according to 

 Pliny xviii. 31 was sown in Greece in November, but in Italy and farther North in the Spring; is 

 mentioned also by Virgil geor. i. 74, and Columella: P. sativum is described by C. Bauhin, and 

 Rivinus ; is termed "p. hortense majus flore fructuque albo " by Tournefort inst. 394 ; and is known 

 to be cultivated from Italy throughout middle Europe. (Pers, and Lenz). Eastward from Greece, 

 has a Sanscrit name (Pidd.), is called in Bengalee " matar," in Hindustanee "matar" or " dana " 

 (D'roz.) ; was observed by Graham " cultivated in gardens during the cold season " in the environs 

 of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason, " exotic " in Burmah ; 

 by Thunberg, under cultivation in Japan and called "wan," or usually "nora name." By European 

 colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues abundantly cultivated. 



Ononis CherUri of the Mediterranean countries. The AITIPYPOS of Eupolis, — employed when 

 plentiful for the caprification of figs, mentioned also by Theocritus iv, and identified by Cratevas with 

 the "an<5nis" (Anguill.), may be compared: the " aigipuros " is described by Demetrius as red- 

 flowered (schol. Aristoph. ran. 310, and Schneid.), by schol. Theocr. as a spiny plant " akanthothSs " 

 with the leaf "platu " as in lentil " glaukizousa," good for inflamed ulcers : O. Cherleri was observed 

 by Sibthorp on Cyprus ; by Delile, on the Mediterranean border of Egypt near Alexandria. West- 

 ward, is termed "a. arvensis hirsuta pusilla viscosa multis siliquis cernuis " by Cupani pi. 17, as 

 observed by him in Sicily ; " a. pusilla villosa et viscosa purpurascente flore " by Tournefort inst. 408 ; 

 was observed by Desfontaines ii. 148 in Barbary ; and is known to grow also in Italy, Spain, and 

 Southern France (Bauh. hist. ii. pi. 394, and Pers.). 



Ononis antiquorum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain from its 

 strong matted roots rest-harrow, in France " arrete-bceuf " (Prior), in Germany " heuhechel," in 

 Italy " bulimacola " or "anonide" (Lenz), in Greece " palamonitha " or "anoneHtha" (Sibth.) ; and 

 possibly the "aigipuros" in question: — the "andnis"is identified, through Syn. Diosc. with the 

 " 6n6nis " of Theophrastus vi. 1. 3 to 5. 3 having leaves separate from the thorns, hated by agri- 

 culturists, and on account of its roots difficult to extirpate, mentioned also by Nicander, and 

 according to Dioscorides pickled and eaten before the thorns are developed : O. antiquorum was 

 observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus 

 throughout Greece and the Greek islands. Westward, the " anonin " or " ononida " is according to 

 Pliny xxi. 58 to xxvii. 12 "aratro inimica," but his further account seems chiefly taken from the 

 Greeks : O. antiquorum is described by Dodoens p. 743, and Lobel ii. pi. 28 (Spreng.) ; is termed 

 " a. legitima antiquorum " by Tournefort cor. 28 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, and is known to grow 

 in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). " O. spinosa," termed " a. spinosa flore purpureo"by 

 Tournefort inst. 408, observed by Sibthorp from Zacynthus to Constantinople, and known to occur 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 783, and Pers.), is regarded as probably 

 not distinct. 



Artemisia dracunculus of Tartarv. Called in Britain tarragon (Prior), in France " estragon " 

 (Pers.), among the Arabs "tharkhun;'" and the TAPI XOS: *PY l"l N : H: TAAEIPIKON of Eu- 

 polis, — or " tarihos phrugion " of Antiphanes, -the Hippocratic writings, and Athenaeus, may be com- 

 pared: the " tharkhun " is mentioned by Ebn Masawia, Abu Hanifa, Rhazes, Avicenna, Symeon Sethus, 



