284 



CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



and Ebn Baitar ; and A. dracunculus was observed in Egypt by Hasselquist. Westward, the " dragon- 

 tea " is enumerated in the Capitularia of Charlemagne ; A. dracunculus is termed " d. hortensis " by 

 Blackwell pi. 116; is known to be cultivated in Southern Europe, and the " leaves and young shoots " 

 employed "as a pickle, or for giving a pleasant flavour to vinegar" (Pers., and Lindl). Eastward 

 from Greece, was observed by Gmelin ii. pi. 59 and 60 wild in Siberia. By European colonists, was 

 carried to Northeast America, observed by myself under cultivation in our Middle States. 



Verbascum sinuatum of the Mediterranean and Tamo-Caspian countries. ^ A species of mullein 

 called in Italy " guaraguasco " (Lenz), in Greece "glossa" (Fraas) or "phlomos" (Sibth.) ; in which 

 we recognize the *AOMON of Eupolis, — Aristotle, Macrobius, Plutarch symp. iv. 1, and "phlomos 

 mglaina" of Theophrastus ix. 12. 3, and Dioscorides: V. sinuatum was observed by Forskal, Sib- 

 thorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, the most abundant species from the Peloponnesus throughout Greece 

 and the Greek islands, and to the present day employed for killing and capturing freshwater fishes 

 as described by Aristotle anim. viii. 20 (Walp. p. 276, and Spreng.) ; is known to grow afso in the 

 Crimea and as far as the Caspian (Ledeb.) ; in Syria and on mount Sinai (A. Dec.) ; was observed 

 by Delile in Egypt, and is enumerated by Clot-Bey and Figari as long known there. Westward, the 

 "phlomon" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " vSrvaskloum '' or "pheminale" of the Romans; 

 the "verbascum nigrum femina" is distinguished by Pliny xxv. 73; V. sinuatum is termed "v. 

 nigrum folio papaveris corniculati " by Tournefort inst. 147; was observed by Hogg on Sicily, by 

 Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles; and is known to grow in Spain, Algeria, and on the Canary 

 Islands (Pers., and A. Dec). 



Verbascum n/ululatum of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "gKssa" (Fraas) 

 or "phlomos" (Sibth.), and perhaps included in the "phlomon" of Eupolis: — the "gl<5ssan"is 

 mentioned in 2 Morb. mul. 75 ;, the "phlomon thelu " is distinguished by Theophrastus, and Cratevas 

 (schol. Nicand.) ; and the " phlomos l£uke theleia " having according to Dioscorides " kramve "-like 

 but more hairy and white or yellowish flowers, is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : V. undulatum 

 is termed " v. graecum fruticosum folio sinuato candidissimo " by Tournefort cor. 8 and trav. i. pi. 

 12S ; was observed by Sibthorp, Link, and Fraas, frequent in Southern Greece, and often becoming 

 woody. 



Verbascum thapsus of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain hig-taper or mullein, in 

 old French " malen," in mediaeval Latin " malandrium " (Prior), in Germany " konigskerze," in Italy 

 "barbarastio" or " tasso barbasco " or "verbasco" (Lenz), in Greece "phlomos" (Sibth.), and 

 possibly included in the "phlomon" of Eupolis: — the "phlomon arren " is distinguished by Theo- 

 phrastus, Nicander ther. 856, and Cratevas (schol. Nicand.) ; and " phlomos l£uke arren " having 

 according to Dioscorides oblong and narrower white leaves, is referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas: 

 V. thapsus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus through- 

 out the Greek islands to Constantinople. Westward, the " phlomon " of the Greeks is identified by 

 Pliny xxv. 73 with the "verbascum" of the Romans; V. thapsus is described by Brunfels p. 197, 

 Fuchsius, and Dalechamp (Spreng.) ; is termed "v. mas latifolium luteum " by Tournefort inst. 146: 

 and is known to grow from Italy throughout middle and Northern Europe almost as far as Lapland 

 (Pers., and Fries). Eastward from Greece, is known to grow throughout the Caucasian, Himalayan, 

 and Altaian mountains as far as Daouria (Ledeb., and A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried 

 to the Azores (Wats.) ; to Northeast America (Walt.), where I have found it one of the first foreign 

 plants to acquire foothold in clearings. The seeds according to Lindley "are said to be used by 

 poachers to poison fish." 



"427 B. C. (= fifth year of the Peloponnesian war," Sm. b. d. ), assistance sent by the Athenians 

 to the Leontines in Sicily. The comic poet Plato first exhibiting— (Cyril, and Sm.). 



Cymbopogon schoenanthus of the Moluccas. The lemon grass is called in Yemen "m'hah," 

 its imported root in Egypt "edcher" (Forsk.) ; and the SXOINOYS of the comic poet Plato — 

 (Etym. magn.), "guosmou" according to the Hippocratic writings (Spreng.), Theophrastus ix. 7, and 

 Dioscorides i. 16, called "shoinuu alexanthrines " by Damogeron (geopon. vii. 13), "shoinou anthos" 

 by Galen ant. i. p. 70, and " shoinanthos " by Aetius, and Actuarius, is referred here by writers: 

 the fragrant "schoenum" is mentioned also by Plautus, and Columella; the "gramen arabum " by 

 Propertius xxix. 17; "juncum odoratum " by Pliny; " squinanthum " by Palladius, Rutilius, and 

 Plinius Valerianus ; and the " idschir " by Ebn Baitar : the living plant in the days of Pliny xii. 48 

 had been found growing in Italy ; was known to Theophrastus as growing in Syria ; to Dioscorides 

 as growing in Lybia and Arabia, the best brought from Nabathea, and the Arabian kind sometimes 

 termed Babylonian. The root of C. schoenanthus or " juncus odoratus " is enumerated by Alpinus 

 as imported from Arabia into Egypt ; comes " from Limbo in Arabia Petraea," according to Hassel- 

 quist; and "edcher" or "schoenanthus" root from Arabia, was seen in Egypt by Forskal mat. med. : 

 the plant itself was received by Garcias from Arabia; and was observed by Forskal p. 173 seemingly 

 wild among the mountains of Yemen. Eastward, is called in Hindustanee "akya-ghas," in Bengalee 



