OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 285 



"agya-ghans," in Telinga " nimma-gaddi " or " chippa-gaddi," in Tamil " vashanap-pullu " or " kar- 

 pnra-pullu" (Drur.) ; was observed by Rheede xii. pi. 72 in Malabar; by Graham, "cultivated in 

 gardens " in the environs of Bombay ; by Roxburgh, Wallich, and Drury, in other parts of Hindu- 

 stan, covering "large tracts of waste land in Bengal, and its oil regularly exported from Ceylon ; by 

 Mason v. p. 501, "exotic" in Burmah and called "sa-ba-len," cultivated " by the natives," and " a 

 decoction made from the leaves " used medicinally ; by Bontius, cuuivated and seemingly wild on 

 Java ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, and called in Tagalo " salai " or " tanglad " or "paja de meca," 

 in Bisaya " baliyoco ; " is described also by Rumphius amboin. v. pi. 72; was observed by myself 

 on the Feejeean Islands, planted around native dwellings and occurring besides in wild situations. 

 Transported to Europe, continues under cultivation for its fragrance (Morison iii. pi. 8, Vent., and 

 Pers.) ; and by European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, observed by myself in gardens 

 in our Northern and Middle States. 



"426 B. C." (Blair), pestilence again breaking out in Athens, permission given to the men to 

 marry " two " wives. Socrates among others taking advantage of the privilege. 



"425 B. C. = 1st year of Wei-lie-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty — (Chinese chron. 

 table). 



"The same year" (Clint, ii. p. 380), Artaxerxes succeeded by Xerxes II.; and after "two 

 months," by Sogdianus, who reigned "seven months." The names of these two Persian emperors, 

 though given by Manetho, have not been found on the Egyptian monuments. 



"The same year" (Thucyd. iii. 116, and Clint.), in Sicily, eruption of mount Etna. And in 

 Italy (Sm. b. d.), war between Rome and the neighbouring Etruscan city of Veii suspended by a 

 truce for " twenty years." 



Thapsia Garganica of the Mediterranean countries. An Umbelliferous plant called in Greece 

 "polukarpos " (Sibth.) or " oglegora" or " thapsia " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the "thapsia " 

 supposed to have been discovered on the island of Thapso, and named accordingly — (Diosc), 

 prescribed together with its root in Nat. mul. 29, 3 Morb. 17, Superfct. 19 to 20, Int. affect. 19, and 

 7 Popular. 39, having according to Theophrastus ix. 9 " marath6 "-like leaves and a " narthekothe " 

 stem, according to Dioscorides yellow-flowered "aneth6 "-like umbels, the acrid root with its juice 

 purgative: T. Garganica was observed by Sibthorp, D'Urville, and Fraas, frequent from the Pelo- 

 ponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the " thapsia " called also " pagkranon " or 

 " skamm6nion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "voithen" of the Numidians, and " ph£rou- 

 lag6 " or " phSroula silve'stris " of the Romans ; the " thapsia " is mentioned by Celsus v. 18 ; was 

 used by Nero, and the mode of collecting the juice is described by Pliny xiii. 4, the most virulent 

 growing in Africa : T. Garganica is described by Magnol pi. 286 ; is termed " th. sive' turbith gar- 

 ganicum semine latissimo " by Tournefort inst. 322 ; and is known to grow at the Southern extreme 

 of Italy and in Barbary (Pers.). 



"424 B. C." (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 381), Sogdianus succeeded by Darius II. Nothus, 

 ninth Persian emperor. Though reigning "nineteen " years (Astronom. can., Maneth., and Diodor ), 

 his name has not been found on the Egyptian monuments. 



In this year (= 452 — " 28 years reign " in the Mahavamsa iv.), the Hindu king Calasoka suc- 

 ceeded by his ten sons, including Baddesenah and Pantchewekeya. Mahamandala holding this 

 place in the Avadana asoca (Burn. i. 359) may prove king Mandelica who harboured the heretical 

 Budhists (see Mahavans. iv. p. 43). 



" In this year" (Sm. b. d.), the Athenians defeated by the Thebans at Delium : in the retreat, 

 Xenophon having fallen from his horse was carried on the shoulders of Socrates (Strab., and D. 

 Laert). The historian Thucydides, not arriving with his fleet in time to save Amphipolis from the 

 Spartans, incurred the penalty of banishment. The first prize for comedy awarded to the Equites 

 of Aristophanes, his first exhibition under his own name ; the second prize, to the Satyri of Cratinus ; 

 Aristomenes also exhibiting comedy. 



Pyrus (....) aria of middle Europe and mountains farther South. Called in Germany 

 " mehlbeerbaum," in Italy " lazzerolo montano " or "lazzerolo di montagna " (Lenz), in Greece 

 "trokkia" (Sibth.); and the AMAMHAIAES of Aristomenes, — Aeschylides, and Athenaeus 

 xiv. 63, described as not pears, sweet and devoid of a kernel, may be compared : P. aria was observed 

 by Sibthorp append., and Fraas on the mountains of Greece from Pelion to Athos. Westward, the 

 " upomelis " is described by Palladius xiii. 4 as resembling a sorb, its sweetness mingled with 

 " sapore acuto " a tart flavour : berries of P. aria occur in debris of the early lake-villages of Switzer- 

 land (Heer) ; the tree is termed " c. folio subrotundo serrato " by Tournefort inst. 633 ; was observed 

 by Lenz on the mountains of Italy; is known to grow also on Etna and the Pyrenees (A. Dec), and 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 302, Crantz austr. i. pi. 2, and Pers.). 



"423 B. C. (= 8th year" of the Peloponnesian war, Thucyd. iv. 116 to 133, and Clint), the tem- 

 ple to Juno near Mycenae burned. A new temple — was erected on the site by Eupolemus, and a 

 statue of Juno made by Polycleitus (Paus. ii. 17), a work of art much celebrated. 



