286 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Aster amelliis of the Mediterranean countries. A species of aster called in Italy " amello " or 

 "astro" or " astere attico " (Lenz), in Greece " valtokrates " (Fraas) ; in which we recognize the 

 "astSriona" growing along the river of that name and offered in this temple to Juno, its leaves woven 

 in garlands — (Paus.), identified through Syn. Diosc. with the "asteriskos " or "aster attikos:" the 

 " astSriskos " is mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 13 ; the " aster " by Nicander fr. ii. 66 to 67 as coro- 

 nary and placed on temples or images of gods, by Cratevas as employed medicinally (add. Diosc.) ; 

 and the " aster attikos " by Dioscorides as having oblong hairy leaves and a star-like purple and yel- 

 low flower split around as in " anthSmithos," the fresh plant applied in inflammation of the groin : 

 A. amellus was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, in wet ground sometimes saline in Attica and South- 

 ern Greece. Westward, the "aster attikos" or "uophthalmon " or "v6uv6nion " is identified in Syn. 

 Diosc with the " rathivitha '' of the Dacians, and " iggunalis " of the Romans ; the account of the 

 " aster " or " bubonion " by Pliny xxvii. 19 seems chiefly taken from the Greeks ; but the " amellus " 

 of Virgil geor. iv. 271 has a golden flower surrounded with purple rays, is mentioned also by Colu- 

 mella ix. 4. 4 : A. amellus is described by Matthioli p. S17 (Spreng.) ; is termed " a. atticus caeruleus 

 vulgaris " by Tournefort inst. 4S1 ; was observed by Lenz throughout Italy ; and is known to grow 

 as far as Austria and middle Europe (Jacq. austr. pi. 435, and Pers.). 



"In this year" (Meineke, and Sm. b. d.) at Athens, the First prize for comedy gained by 

 Cratinus, and the Second by Ameipsias, over the Nubes of Aristophanes containing an attack on 

 Socrates. 



Lithosftermitm tinctorium of the Mediterranean countries. Resembling the alkanet and called 

 in Egypt " sadjaret el arneb " hare's herb (Forsk.) : the E V KOY i A of Ameipsias — or " enchusam " 

 by some called " anchusam " but distinguished by Pliny xxii. 25 and identified with the " rhexiam '' 

 or " arcebion " or " onochelim '' or " onochiles," may be compared: the "onokihle" is enumerated 

 by Theophrastus vii. 10. 3 among plants continuing a long time in flower from the flowers opening 

 successively; the 6noh£itlos " is mentioned by Nicander ther. S38 ; the " 6noh£il£s " or " alkivia- 

 thion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " aghousa £t£ra " of Dioscorides having smaller leaves 

 similar in roughness, reddish-purple flowers, and long red roots swelling in harvest-time with blood- 

 coloured juice ; and the "adsan el arnab " is mentioned by Elgafaki, and Ebn Baitar : L. tinctorium 

 was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, in Attica and the Peloponnesus ; by Delile, near Alexandria ; 

 and by Forskal p. 63 in the Desert not far from Cairo, its root red and staining the skin, stem 

 branching from the base but erect, flower " obscure-violacea." Westward, the account by Pliny of 

 the " enchusam " seems in part taken from Dioscorides, but he states that the bruised leaves exhale 

 the odour of " cucumeris," and gives additional medical uses : L. tinctorium was observed by Fors- 

 kal near Marseilles, is known to grow in other parts of Southern France (Dec. fl. fr.) ; is distinctly 

 described by Vahl, and Lamarck ill. p. 398 ; and according to Bory is often confounded with Anchusa 

 tinctoria, furnishing in like manner " orchanette " (see Anchusa tinctoria). 



"422 B. C. (= tenth year of the Peloponnesian war," Sm. b. d.), hostilities continuing in 

 Thrace between the Lacedaemonians and Athenians ; the Athenian citizens now computed at 

 " twenty thousand." The second prize for comedy awarded to the Yespae of Aristophanes ; who, 

 according to some writers, tendered in vain a second edition of his Nubes. 



The * A i I A N S bird of Aristophanes, is admitted to be the pheasant, Phasianus Colchicus. — 

 The " phasianos " is also mentioned by Epaenetus, Mnesimachus, Aristotle anim. v. 31, and Aga- 

 tharchides ; and according to Callixenus (Athen. ix. 37), these birds were carried in the festival of 

 Ptolemy Philadelphus at Alexandria. 



The K P I i of Aristophanes nub. 630 is admitted to be the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. — The 

 " cimex " is mentioned by Catullus, Horace, Pliny, and Martial ; and the " lectuli bestias," by Ter- 

 tullian adv. Marcio. i. 14. C. lectularius continues to be well known in Egypt and throughout 

 Europe ; and by European colonists, has been carried across the Atlantic to America and other 

 countries. 



Onobryiliis crista-galli of the Mediterranean countries. Called on Cyprus " trivouli " (Sibth.) ; 

 and possibly the TPI B AOS of Aristophanes lys. 576: — both kinds of "trivolos " according to Theo- 

 phrastus vi. 5. 3 have spines on the pericarp, and the seed of the autumnal kind is rounded and con- 

 tained in a pod: O. crista-galli was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus and Cyprus to 

 Constantinople ; and by Delile, near Alexandria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, 

 is termed "o. seu caput gallinaceum minus fructu maximo insigniter echinato " by Tournefort inst. 

 390 ; and is known to grow in various parts of Southern Europe (Pers.). 



Anagyris foetida of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " azogSra '' or " anthravan6 " 

 or"anaguri" (Sibth.); in which we recognize the ANATYPON of Aristophanes lys. 735, — Aeschi- 

 nes, Demosthenes, a proverb preserved by Zenobius ii. 22, described by Dioscorides as an arbores- 

 cent strong-scented shrub having " agn6 "-like twigs with fruit in long horns, reniform, and in the 

 added Synonyms identified with the " agnakopon " or " akopon : " A. foetida was observed by Fors- 



