OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 287 



kal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands 

 to Smyrna ; and by Forskal, in gardens at Constantinople. Westward, the account by Pliny xxvii. 

 13 of the " anagyros " or "acopon" seems taken from Dioscorides : A. foetida is described by 

 Tournefort inst. 647 ; was observed by Gussone i. 477 on Sicily ; and is known to grow wild in Italy 

 and other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., Spreng., and Lenz). The seeds according to Lindley 

 " said to be poisonous." 



Verbascum Limnense of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of mullein called in 

 Greece "manoula" or "phitil&a" (Fraas); and the 6PYAAAIS lamp-wick of Aristophanes nub. 

 60, — "thruallis '' plant of Theophrastus vii. II. 2, and Nicander, identified by Dioscorides with the 

 "phlomis luhnitis " having three or four or more hairy leaves and furnishing lamp-wicks, is referred 

 here by Fraas : V. Limnense is described by him as observed near Limni in Euboea. 



Salvia officinalis of the Mediterranean countries. Called in English gardens sage, in France 

 "sauge" (Prior), in Germany " salbey " (Fraas), in Italy "salvia" (Lenz) ; in which we recognize 

 the "salviam" called in Greek " elelisphacon " by herbalists of the time of Pliny xxii. 71, the " ele- 

 lisphacos " of the Greeks being sometimes called "sphacos:" the garden S*AKOS of Aristophanes 

 thesm. 486, — and Theophrastus vi. 1. 4 to 2. 5, seems therefore to correspond: S. officinalis was 

 observed by Sibthorp in rugged places in Greece, bearing edible galls like S. pomifera, but according 

 to Fraas is very rare ; by Delile, near Rosetta on the Mediterranean border of Egypt ; and according 

 to Clot-Bey has besides been recently introduced. Westward, the " salviatum " potion is mentioned 

 by Columella ; the " salviam " is described by Pliny as resembling " mentae " hoary and fragrant ; 

 is mentioned also by Macer Floridus : S. officinalis is termed " s. major " by Tournefort inst. 180 ; is 

 known to grow wild in Italy and other parts of Southern Europe (Etling salv. I, Pers., and Lenz), 

 is besides cultivated there and throughout middle Europe. By European colonists, was carried to 

 Northeast America, where it continues under cultivation; to Hindustan, observed by Graham "in 

 gardens" at Bombay but no native name is given ; to Burmah, observed by Mason "exotic " but no 

 native name is given. The leaves according to Lindley are much employed in cookery, and tea made 

 of them "has the reputation of being a stomachic." (See S. pomifera, and Phlomis fruticosa). 



Chenopodium olidum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A fetid species of goosefoot 

 called in Germany "stoltz heinrich " (Trag.), in France " vulvaire " (Nugent); and the *EYAATPA 

 #A3YN of Aristophanes eq. 630 — is referred here by Hase : C. olidum was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Chaubard, in waste-and cultivated ground from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, 

 the term " blitea meretrix " used by Plautus true, is supposed by Tragus to refer to this plant : C. 

 olidum is described by Cornelius Petrus (Spreng.), Dodoens 616, and Bauhin ; is termed " atriplex 

 canina" by Tragus ii. 57, "ch. foetidum "' by Tournefort inst. 506, "ch. vulvaria" by Linnaeus ; and 

 is known to occur along roadsides and in cultivated ground throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 

 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 1152, Engl. bot. pi. 1034, Woodv. pi 145, and Pers.). The plant was found by 

 Chevallier exhaling pure ammonia during its whole existence, and according to Lindley "is still 

 employed as an antispasmodic and emmenagogue, and is constantly to be found " in London herb- 

 shops. 



Juniperus nana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The K E A P I i berry of Aristoph- 

 anes thesm. 493, — or "kethris " shrub described by Theophrastus i. 9. 4 to 12. 1 and caus. vi. 14. 4 

 as small and never becoming a tree, its fruit fragrant and though acrid grateful to the palate, (trans- 

 lated " cedrula " by Gaza), is referred here by Sprengel : a tree in Arcadia resembling the " cedro " 

 and called in Phrygia " frutex," is mentioned by Pliny xiii. 11 : J. nana is described by Pallas ross. 

 ii. pi. 54; is known to grow in Sweden (Wahl.), Siberia, and on the Saltzburg and Styrian Alps (Pers), 

 but has not been observed by modern travellers within the limits of Greece. 



Juniperus rufescens of the Mediterranean countries. A little-known species called in Greece 

 " kSthros " (Lenz) ; and possibly the "kethris" in question : — J. rufescens is described as " very 

 like" J. macrocarpa; is known to grow in Bithynia (Lenz), Thrace and Macedonia (Daub.), and was 

 observed by Link in Portugal. 



Imperata cylindrica of Tropical Asia. A reedy grass called in Greece "thematia" or "thgma- 

 tohorton" (Fraas), in Egypt "halfeh" (Del.); and the *AEflS of Aristophanes ran. 244, — Aris- 

 totle, Theophrastus iv. 10 to 11. 12, Pollux, mentioned by Dioscorides i. 114 as a kind of "kalamfin," 

 is referred here by Fraas: I. cylindrica is termed " gram en tomentosum Creticum spicatum spica 

 purpurea" by Tournefort cor. 39, "lagurus cylindricus " by Linnaeus, " saccharum cylindricum" by 

 Lamarck, its spike according to Persoon "nivea lanata ; " was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and 

 Fraas abounding in moist places in the Peloponnesus and Attica; by Forskal p. 23, and Delile, from 

 Alexandria and Rosetta to Cairo; is known to occur also in Barbary. Italy, Southern France, and 

 Spain (Cyrill rar ii. 2. pi. II, and Cav. iii.pl. 2). Eastward from Syria, was observed by Law 

 "common in Guzerat" (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan ; by Mason 

 v p 524 indigenous in Burmah and called " thek-kay-nyen," one of the two grasses employed in the 



