OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 289 



Galen : the "strouthos" with which linen is whitened, mentioned by Theophrastus ix. 12. 5, is read 

 "struthi6" by Dioscorides (but translated "speciem passerum praebentibus " by Pliny xx. 79): 

 S. officinalis is figured in the Vienna manuscript Diosc. (Harl. and Cockayne); was observed on 

 Andros by Fraas ; and by him, Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, frequent in moist places along 

 hedges from the Peloponnesus to Asia Minor ; " struthium " root from Greece was found by Forskal 

 mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt; and the living S. officinalis according to Clot-Bey has 

 recently been introduced. Westward, the "strouthion" or " strouthiokamelos " or "katharsis" or 

 "hamairuton" is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "suris" of the Numidians, and "erva Iaria" 

 or "rathix an aria " of the Romans; by Pliny xix. 18 and xxiv. 58 with the " radicula " used for 

 washing wool, growing "sativa" everywhere, and having a large root but no seeds (the many-petalled 

 form?); the " radix lanaria " is mentioned by Columella xi. 2. 53; the " struthio " is prescribed by 

 Celsus 18 to 22, and in the time of Macer Floridus 26 was commonly called "ostruthium: " S. offici- 

 nalis is regarded as introduced into Britain after the departure of the Romans and before the dis- 

 covery of America (A. Dec.) ; is described by Brunswygk, Ruel, Fuchsius, Lobel, and Gerarde p. 

 360; is termed "lychnis sylvestris quae saponaria vulgo " by Tournefort inst. 336; was observed by 

 Lenz in Italy, and is known to occur along roadsides as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 543, Pers., and 

 Fries) ; is besides sometimes regularly cultivated (A. Dec). By European colonists, was carried 

 to Northeast America, where it continues chiefly near dwellings in our Northern, Middle, and accord- 

 ing to Chapman our Southern States. (See Imperatoria ostruthium). 



Silene inflata of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain bladder catnpion 

 or ben or white ben or from froth of an insect infesting it spatling poppy (Prior), in Germany " klatsch- 

 nelke " (Fraas), in Greece "phouskouthia" or " koukaki " or "strouthoula" (Sibth.) ; and possibly 

 the "strouthion" in question: — the "struthion" of Pliny xix. 18, wild in stony places in Asia 

 and Syria, the best in quality beyond the Euphrates, its stem slender and eaten and leaves like those 

 of the olive, may also be compared: the "mekSn eraklSia " whose root according to Theophrastus 

 ix. 12. 5 is employed medicinally, and leaves resemble "strouthos" with which linen is whitened, is 

 identified through Syn. Diosc. with the " mek6n aphrSthes," referred here by Lobel and others : 

 S. inflata was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus 

 throughout Greece, the leaves cooked and eaten. Westward, is described by Gesner f. 273, and 

 Dodoens p. 172; is termed "lychnis sylvestris quas behen album vulgo " by Tournefort inst. 335; 

 was observed by Tenore near Naples, by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to occur along 

 roadsides and in fallow ground from the Pyrenees as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 914, Pers., and A. 

 Dec). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it has become naturalized, 

 occurring along roadsides and near dwellings from Quebec (Mx.) to Salem and Philadelphia, and 

 observed by myself in wild situations not far from the last-named city. S.fabaria, termed " lychnis 

 maritima saxatilis anacampserotis folio " by Tournefort cor. 24 and " cucubalus foliis crassis " by 

 Forskal, observed by him on the rocks of Tenedos, by Sibthorp on mount Athos and the Bithynian 

 Olympus, the seashore of Caria and maritime rocks of Samos, by Boccone mus. pi. 92 on the sea- 

 shore of Sicily (Pers.), is regarded by Bory as perhaps not distinct. 



Potentilta reptans of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain five-leaf or 

 five-finger-grass or cinque/oil, by Askham " quynckefolye,'' in Sweden "finger-brt" (Prior), in 

 France " quinte-feuille " (Nugent), in Germany creeping " gansefuss " (Fraas), in Italy " cinquefolio " 

 (Lenz), in Greece " pSntathaktula " or " pSntaphullo " (Sibth.), by the prophets " ptSron ivSos " or 

 " ivfios onux " or " firmothaktulon," in Egyptian " 6rph£t£v£6ke " or " £n6tron " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in 

 which we recognize the P E N TA$ YA AO Y whose root is prescribed by Euryphon 2 morb. 38, — 

 enumerated by Democritus among signs of subterranean water (geopon. ii. 6), identified by Theo- 

 phrastus ix. 13. 5 with the "pfintapStous " having slender stems resting on the ground and all its leaves 

 in fives, growing according to Dioscorides in wet places and along streams, its leaves serrate ; clearly 

 also the " pSntapgtelon " of Nicander ther. 839: P. reptans was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 

 and Fraas, frequent in the situations described by Dioscorides from the Peloponnesus throughout 

 Greece ; and dried " pentaphyllum " root was found by Alpinus, and Forskal mat. med., employed 

 medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the " pgntaphullon " or " pgntapSteV or "pSntathaktulon " is 

 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " propSthoula " of the Dacians, " pSmpSthoula " of the Gauls, and 

 " kigkSpholioum " of the Romans, by Pliny xxv. 62 with the " qui nque folium ; " and " quinquefolii 

 radix" is prescribed by Celsus vi. 9: P. reptans is described by Fuchsius 624, Matthioli, and Lobel 

 pi. 960 ; is termed " q. majus repens " by Tournefort inst. 297 ; was observed by Munby in Algeria 

 (A. Dec), by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Sweden 

 (fl. Dan. pi. 1 164, and Pers.). 



Rhus coriaria of the wooded portion of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in commerce 

 sumach, in France "sumac" (Nugent), in Germany "sumach" (Grieb), in Italy "sommaco " or 

 "ru" (Lenz), in Greece "vursia" or " vursoklatha " (Fraas) or by the Turks " sumack " (Sibth.), 



37 



