294 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " keriokousia " or " southe'mmour " or " iovis kaulis " of the 

 Romans; is called "stergethron " according to Pliny xxv. 102 because "amatoriis conveniat," and 

 "hypogeson" from growing "in subgrundiis fere" almost in the eaves, is further identified with 

 the "sedum magnum" or "oculum" or "digitellum" of the Italians : S. arboreum is described by 

 Anguillara 276 (Spreng.) ; is termed " sedum majus arborescens " by Tournefort inst. 262 ; and is 

 known to grow in Barbary and Portugal (Pers.). 



Cachrys lavigata of the West Mediterranean countries. A fennel-like plant called in France 

 smooth-fruited " armarinte " (Fe"e), by the prophets " thumarnolion," in Egyptian " sampsSs " (Syn. 

 Diosc); not observed by modern travellers in Greece, but the I P P OM A P A6 PO N prescribed 

 in Nat. mul. 572, — r Morb. mul. 73, Steril. 13, Micton, Nicander, Petrichus, ferulaceous and having 

 a furrowed stem according to Theophrastus vi. 1. 4, identified by Dioscorides with "marathron 

 agrion " having a fragrant root and " kahrui "-like seed, and according to Galen fac. simpl. vii. p. 68 

 taller than the "marathron," is referred here by Anguillara, and Honorius Bellus (Spreng.). Westward, 

 the " ippomarathron " or " marathis " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the '• sistramfior " of the Gauls, 

 and "m£6um" or "phainikouloum Srratikoum" or "ph. ekouinoum" of the Romans; is mentioned 

 by Strabo xvii. p. 641; as growing in Mauritania; by Pliny xx. 96 as a "silvestre" kind of "foeni- 

 culum " by some called " myrsineum," growing in warm stony places : C. laevigata is described by 

 Anguillara p. 124, and Morison umb. 63. pi. 3 ; was observed by Allioni in Southern France, by 

 Desfontaines i. p. 250 in Algeria ; is known to grow also in Italy and Spain (Pers.). 



Peucedanum officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain sulphur- 

 wort or hog's fennel (Prior), in Germany "haarstrang," in Italy " finocchio porcino" or " peucedano " 

 (Lenz), by the prophets "agathos thaim6n " or " pinasggloum '' (Syn. Diosc); in which we recog- 

 nize the pEYKEAANON of Nat. mul. 29, — Superfcet. 19, 2 Morb. mul. 81, Theophrastus ix. 

 T4. 1 to 20. 2, Nicander ther. 76, having according to Dioscorides a fennel-like stem, flowers yellow, 

 and root full of juice : P. officinale was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus ; 

 and is known to grow in Siberia (Gmel. i. pi. 41). Westward, the " pe'ukethanos " is identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the " satariam " of the Romans: the "peucedanum" and its medicinal uses are 

 mentioned by Pliny: P. officinale is described by Gerarde p. 1053, and Bauhin hist. iii. p. 376: is 

 termed "p. germanicum '' by Tournefort inst. 318; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near 

 Marseilles; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 1767, 

 Steud., and Lindl.). The inspissated "juice of the root " according to Lindley "is reputed anti- 

 spasmodic and diuretic." 



Crithmum maritimum of the sea-cliffs along the Mediterranean and Atlantic as far as Britain. 

 Called in Britain samphire, in old English "sampire" or " sampier," in France "Saint Pierre," 

 in Italy "herba di San Pietro" or " sampetra '' from the fisherman saint (Prior) or "finocchio 

 marino " (Lenz), in Greece " almura " (Fraas) or "kretamon '' (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the 

 KPH6M0N of Nat. mul. 20, — Morb. mul., and the " krithmon " or " kritamon " growing 

 according to Dioscorides in rocky maritime situations, white-flowered, and eaten either crude or 

 cooked : C. maritimum was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard. and Fraas, along the seashore 

 from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the "crethmo" commended by Hippocrates 

 is enumerated as esculent by Pliny xxvi. 50 and 90: C. maritimum is described by Pandulf. Col- 

 lenuccius, and Brunfels i. p. 187 (Spreng.); is termed " c. sive foeniculum maritimum minus" by 

 Tournefort inst. 317; was observed by Forskal on Malta and near Marseilles, by Lenz in Italy; 

 and is known to grow along the Atlantic seashore as far as Britain (Shakspeare, and Pers.). 



Echinophora spinosa of the Mediterranean seashore. A prickly Umbelliferous plant: the 

 TPIBOAON : PAPA6AAAS5I0N prescribed in Nat. mul. p. 552, — and 1 Morb. mul. 106, is re- 

 ferred here by Dalechamp 1367 (Spreng.) : E. spinosa was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna. Westward, is termed " e. maritima spinosa" by Tournefort 

 inst. 656; has been found in some instances beyond the Straits along the Atlantic seashore (Cav. 

 ii. pi. 127, and Pers.), but is not known to be employed medicinally. 



Anthemi* rosea of the East Mediterranean countries. A purple-flowered may-weed or " may- 

 denwede" called on Cyprus "papouni " (from the Arabic name of camomile "babunaj"); in which 

 we recognize the "anth£mis porphuranth£s " identified through Dioscorides with the HPANeEAAON 

 prescribed in Nat. mul. 570: — the account of the "eranthemum" by Pliny xxii. 26 seems taken 

 from Dioscorides, but the " chamaemelum purpureum " is mentioned by Nicolaus Myrepsus i. 44 p. 

 42 (Spreng.) : A. rosea is described by Sibthorp, and was observed by him frequent on the dry hills 

 of Cyprus. 



Anthemis chia of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called on Cyprus "papouni " (Sibth.), 

 but in Attica "armegka" (Fraas); in which we recognize the AN0EAAON: XAfiPON that 

 maybe substituted according to Nat. mul. 570:— the "anthgmon" is described by Theophrastus 

 vii. 14. 2 as flowering from above downwards, the flowers white around with the centre "hldron" 



