OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 295 



greenish-yellow; the "anthSmis" is celebrated by Asclepiades (Plin.) ; the "anthSmis lgukanthg- 

 mon " is one of the three kinds enumerated by Dioscorides, collected in the Spring; and the account 

 of the '■ leucanthemum " or " leucanthemida " by Pliny xxii. 26 seems taken from the Greek : A. Chia 

 is termed " chamaemelum chium vernum folio crassiore flore magno " by Tournefort cor. 37 ; was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent from Attica throughout the Greek islands to Cyprus, 

 flowering at the opening of Spring; by Gussone, frequent also at the Southern extreme of Italy 

 (A. Dec). 



Anthemis discoidea of the East Mediterranean countries. Possibly included in the "anthSmon 

 hloron " of Nat. mul. 570 : — the "anthgmon aphullanthe's " is enumerated by Theophrastus vii. 8. 3 

 as having radical leaves; and the third or "hrusanthSmon" kind with flowers entirely yellow accord- 

 ing to Dioscorides is like the preceding more powerfully diuretic than the purple-flowered kind : 

 A. discoidea having the lower leaves pinnate was observed by Forskal 356 in the environs of Con- 

 stantinople (Steud.), and by Sibthorp on mount Parnassus; is termed " chamaemelum discoideum" 

 by Allioni 681, and is known to grow as far as Italy (Pers.). "A. monantha" or " coarctata," de- 

 veloping short yellow rays, known to grow in Tauria (Pers., and Bieb.), and observed by Sibthorp 

 near Smyrna, is regarded by him as probably not distinct. 



Matricaria suaveolens of the Mediterranean countries. A fragrant kind of may-weed; and the 

 "hamaimelon," named according to Syn. Diosc. iii. 144 from its apple or quince-like odour, and 

 identified by Galen with the EYAN6EM0N of Nat. mul. — and 1 Morb. mul. 106: M. suaveolens 

 was observed by Bory in the Peloponnesus. Westward, the "hamaimelon" or " mSlanthSmon" is 

 further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "astertiphe" apple herb of the Numidians, and "malioum" 

 of the Romans: M. suaveolens is described by Linnaeus; is known to grow in Western Europe 

 (Pers.), its calyx- scales pointed, and flowers according to Smith half as large as in M. chamomilla, 

 but is regarded by Chaubard, as perhaps not distinct. 



Matricaria chamomilla of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A fetid kind of may-weed 

 called in Britain maghet (Prior), in Germany " chamille," in Italy " camamilla " or " camomilla " 

 (Lenz), in Greece "hamomel£a" (Fraas) or "hamomela" (Sibth.) ; and possibly the "£uanthSmon" 

 in question, — clearly the " hamaimelon " identified through Syn. Diosc. with the " parthSnion 

 mikrophullon " of Ulc. 10, or the Hippocratic "parth£nion" identified by Galen with the "amara- 

 kon " or "anthSmis:" the "parthSnion" is described by Dioscorides as having a rankish odour 

 and bitter taste, slender coriander-like leaves, flowers white with the centre yellow, and a decoction 

 employed against inflammations of the matrix: M. chamomilla was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, 

 and Fraas, abounding from the Peloponnesus to the Dardanelles ; by Hasselquist, in Palestine ; 

 and by Delile, near Rosetta on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, the " parthSnion " 

 or "amarakon" or "anthemis" or " l£ukanth6mon " or "hrusokalis" or " mSlavathron " or "anthos 

 pSthinon" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " thamakth " of the Numidians, "kautan'' 

 of the Tuscans, and " millfpholioum " or " s61is 6k6uloum " of the Romans ; and the " parthenium " 

 or "amnacum" or "leucanthes" is described by Pliny xxi. 104 as growing in garden hedges: M. 

 chamomilla is described by Lobel obs. 455 ; is termed " chamaemelum vulgare leucanthemum Dio- 

 scoridis" by Tournefort inst. 494; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to occur 

 along roadsides and in waste and cultivated ground as far as Denmark (fl. Dan., Lam. fl. fr., and 

 Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to Southeast Australia, where it has become naturalized, 

 spreading far inland (Corder, and A. Dec). " M. suaveolens" of Pallas is enumerated by Steudel 

 as not distinct. (See Pyrethrum parthenium). 



Carthamus Creticus of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle-like plant; and the KNI 

 KON prescribed in Nat. mul. 29, — 3 Morb. 31, Popular, vii. 39, drink from by Hippocrates vict. 

 acut. 30, and enumerated as esculent and laxative by Polemon diaet. ii. 27, may be compared : the 

 " knekos " is mentioned by Anaxandrides (Athen.) ; by Theophrastus i. 13. 3 to vi. 4. 5 and caus. v. 

 18. 4 as thorny-leaved and single-stemmed, its seeds stony and having pappus " p6g6n6spSrmata," 

 and is termed " emSros ; " the " knikos " by Dioscorides as two cubits high with a flower " krokd 

 omoion " which is eaten, and the juice of the seeds laxative and mixed in cakes : C. Creticus is 

 termed " atractylis flore citrino " by Vaillant ; and was received by Linnaeus sp. pi. (not syst. nat.) 

 from Crete (J. E. Smith in Sibth. fl. gr. ii. 161). 



Thymus incanus of the East Mediterranean countries. A hoary species of thyme called in 

 Greece " asprovalsamo " (Fraas); and the EAENION prescribed in Nat. mul. 572, — coronary 

 according to Theophrastus vi. I. I to 7. 4, fragrant in all its parts, shrubby and small-leaved with a 

 superficial multifid root, mentioned also by Nicander fr , named from Helen according to Pliny xxi. 

 33 and growing of the best quality on Helena Island (near the shore of Attica), is referred here by 

 Fraas : T. incanus is termed " calamintha orientalis annua ocymi folio flore minimo " by Tournefort 

 cor. 12 ; and was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus and 

 Attica throughout the Greek islands. (See Lithospermum callosum.) 



