296 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Ulva lactuca of the seacoast along the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic. A 

 marine /aver called in Germany " meersalat " (Lenz) ; and the BPYON: eAAASSION prescribed 

 in Nat. mul. 570, —growing on stones and shells according to Theophrastus iv. 6. 2 to 6, grassy 

 green, broad and not unlike lettuce, described by Dioscorides as thin and stemless and employed as 

 an astringent medicinally, is referred here by writers: U. lactuca is termed " f . creticus lactucae- 

 folius " by Tournefort (Bory) ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Bory, in harbours and sea-water pools 

 from the Peloponnesus to the Bosphorus ; and by Delile, at Alexandria. Westward, the " vruon 

 thalassion " or " vallaris " or " irane " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " gnfimousillon " of the 

 Romans; the " bryon marinum " according to Pliny xxvii. 33 is clearly an herb, the leaves arising 

 "ab ima radice," and he mentions additional medical uses : U. lactuca is described by Dillenius 42 

 pi. 8 ; and is known to grow around Italy (Lenz), and along the Atlantic as far as Britain, employed 

 there against scrofula, and from its bitter and salt taste sometimes mixed in salads (Engl. bot. pi. 

 1551, and Spreng.). 



"406 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls. Anxur or Tar- 

 racina, a city of Latium, captured from the Volscians by the Romans and war declared against Veii. 

 For the first time, pay decreed by the senate to Roman soldiers. 



"December" (Plut, and Clint.), death of Euripides. At Syracuse on the "same day," the 

 government seized by Dionysius : who besides opposing the Carthaginian invaders of Sicily, wrote 

 poetry; and during "thirty-eight" years reign, obtained several "second and third prizes of tragedy 

 at Athens." 



" In this year" (Sm. b. d.), Callias archon at Athens. He appears to be the Callias who "90 

 years before the archon Praxibulus" (=315 + 90) discovered " minium" (Theophr.) ; a mineral pig- 

 ment at this time found in Spain — (Plin. xxxiii. 37) : the addition to the Second book of the Iliad 

 637 in which " miltopareos " red-prowed ships are spoken of, possibly not older than this date. The 

 face of the image of Jupiter at Rome was covered with " minium " as early at least as the triumph of 

 Camillus, and to the time of Pliny xxxiii. 40 the pigment continued to be brought exclusively from 

 Spain (from the mine afterwards worked for quicksilver). 



" In the reign of Darius II." (Julian ep. 37 p. 413, and Clint.), Democritus visiting Persia and 

 Egypt. 



Hrfianthemum vitlgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in old British 

 herbals sunflower (Prior); in which we recognize the " heliocallidem " or " helianthes " growing 

 according to Democritus in Pontus and on the maritime mountains of Cilicia, myrtle-leaved, and 

 mixed in ointment by the Magians and Persian kings — (Plin. xxiv. 102) : H. vulgare was observed 

 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to the Bithynian Olympus. Westward, 

 is described by Matthioli comm. 546 (Spreng.) ; is termed "h. vulgare flore luteo " by Tournefort 

 inst. 248, " h. chamaecistus " by Miller ; was observed by Scopoli in Carniolia ; and is known to grow 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (Crantz, fl. Dan. pi. 101, and Pers.). 



Caucalis maritima of the Mediterranean seashore. A carrot-like plant called in Greece " cafca- 

 lithra " or "kaukalitha" (Belon, and Hon. Bell.), in Egyptian " s£s£]is " (Syn. Diosc); in which 

 we recognize the " kaukalis " identified in Syn. Diosc. with the BPION of Democritus: — the 

 " kaukalis " is enumerated among potherbs by Theophrastus vii. 7. 1, and Chrysippus, is described 

 by Dioscorides as a span or more high, leaves " selind "-like, the upper ones more divided and hairy, 

 white fragrant umbels, the plant eaten either crude or cooked and diuretic ; is enumerated by Pliny 

 xxi. 52 among the esculent plants of Egypt ; and is termed a " lahanon almuron " by the scholiast of 

 Nicander (Spreng.): C. maritimus was observed by Belon, and Honorius Bellus (append. Clus. 301), 

 eaten in salads in Greece ; by Sibthorp, growing on the sandy shore of Cimolus Island ; and by Delile, 

 near Alexandria. Westward, the "kaukalis " or "kaukon " or " thaukon agrion" or "muitis " is further 

 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " pgthSm gallinakeoum " or " pSthSm poulli " of the Romans ; they 

 who eat " capnon " herb (by some read ■' caucon ") " bilem per urinam reddunt " according to Pliny 

 xxvi. 19: C. maritima is termed " c. pumila maritima" by Tournefort inst. 323; was observed by 

 Gerard gall pi. 10 on the Mediterranean shore of France ; is known to grow also as far as Barbary 

 and Spain (Gouan, Cav. ii. pi. 10, and Pers.). An allied species is called lien's foot in Britain 

 (Prior). 



Ranunculus Orien talis of the East Mediterranean countries. The BATPAXION called XPY£ 

 A N G EM N golden-flowered, only two palms high and having leaves like i. E A I N fl and larger, enu- 

 merated among signs of subterranean water by Democritus — (geopon. ii. 6), maybe compared : 

 R. Orientalis was received from the East by Linnaeus (Pers.) ; and was observed by Chaubard on the 

 Greek islands. 



Convolvulus Sibthorpi of the East Mediterranean countries. A species of bimhveed with leaves 

 " cordato-hastatis pilosis basi angulatis " (Sibth ) ; and the AAAAAK0KIS50S twining around 

 reeds and whatever it gets hold of, enumerated among signs of subterranean water by Democritus — 



