OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 297 



(geopon. ii. 6), may be compared : C. Sibthorpi is termed " c. graecus sagittae foliis flore albo " by 

 Tournefort cor. 1 ; was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus throughout the 

 Greek islands to Samos, but only in hedges, vineyards, and cultivated ground ; is identified by Bory 

 with the " C. hirsutus " of Bieberstein, occurring probably as far as Caucasus. 



Calystegia sepium of Temperate climates. Called in Britain hedge-bells or larger bindweed 

 (Prior), in France " Iiseron des haies " (Fee), in Germany " zaunwinde," in Italy " campanelle " or 

 " vilucchio maggiore " or " smilace liscia " (Lenz), in Greece " penplokathi " (Sibth.), and possibly 

 the "malakokissos" in question ; — clearly the "smilax leia" of Dioscorides having " kissS "-like 

 leaves but " malakdtera " as well as smoother and thinner, its circular white flowers distributed 

 throughout the plant which twines around trees and is formed into arbours : C. sepium was observed 

 by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in hedges from Attica to Smyrna ; is known to grow from Kasan 

 in Russia to Caucasus, the Altaian mountains and Daouria (Ledeb.). Westward, the " convolvulum " 

 is described by Pliny xxi. 11 as an herb growing in bushy places and bearing a lily-like flower, scent- 

 less and devoid of saffron, as though nature was learning to make lilies : C. sepium is described by 

 Fuchsius 719 (Spreng.) ; is termed " c. major albus " by Tournefort inst. 82 ; was observed by Munby 

 in Algeria, by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow as far as Sweden (fl. Dan. pi. 458, Pers., and 

 Fries). Farther West, is known to grow on the Azores Islands (Wats.), on Newfoundland and along 

 the St. Lawrence (herb. Dec, and Lindl.), to the Saskatchawan (Hook.) ; was in New England before 

 1669, as appears from Josselyn rar p. 58 " briony of Peru we call it though its grown hear, or rather 

 scammony ; " was observed by myself in New England, as well as within reach of the Pacific tide in 

 San Francisco Bay. In the Southern Hemisphere, is known to grow in Peru (fl. Per. ii. p. 10); was 

 observed by Poeppig in Chili ; by J. D. Hooker on the Chonos archipelago ; by R. Brown, in Aus- 

 tralia and Tasmania ; by myself, indigenous in Australia and New Zealand. Clearly by European 

 colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, where it was observed by Bojer under cultivation 

 only; and to Java (Burmann, see A. Dec). The root according to Lindley is "purgative like scam- 

 mony but much less active " 



Salvia aethiopis of the Mediterranean countries. The "aethiopida" growing according to 

 Democritus at Meroe and hence called "meroida," — believed by the Magians to open by contact 

 everything closed (Plin. xxiv. 102 and xxvi. 9), growing according to Dioscorides in Messenia and 

 on Ida and having shaggy "phlom5 "-like leaves around the base of its quadrangular stem, is referred 

 here by Matthioli and others : S. aethiopis was observed by Sibthorp around Athens and by the 

 roadside near Smyrna. Westward, is brought according to Pliny xxvii. 1 to 3 of fine quality from 

 Aethiopia : S. aethiopis is termed "sclarea vulgaris lanuginosa amplissimo folio" by Tournefort 

 inst. 179; is known to grow on the African side of the Mediterranean and as far as France and 

 Austria, the lip of the corolla cohering and forming a sack (J acq. austr. pi. 211, and Pers.). 



Schoenus mucronatus of the Mediterranean seashore. A Cyperoid plant called in Egypt " saeaed " 

 (Forsk.) ; and the SXOINOYS by some called OAOSXOINOYS enumerated among signs 

 of subterranean water by Democritus — (Geopon. ii. 6), mentioned also by Aeschines, and Aristippus 

 (D. Laert), may be compared : the " oloshoinos " of Dioscorides iv. 52 has radical leaves and 

 terminal inflorescence : but S. mucronatus appears to be a maritime species, was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Chaubard, in the sand of the seashore from the Peloponnesus to Crete ; by Alpinus, Forskal 

 p. 15, and Delile, along the Mediterranean shore of Egypt ; and is termed " cyperus aegyptiacus " by 

 Gloxin pi 3 (Pers.). Westward, is described by Morison iii. pi. 9: is termed "scirpus maritimus 

 capite glomerato " by Tournefort inst. 528 ; and is known to grow along the seashore of the West 

 Mediterranean countries as far as Morocco (Schousb. ii. 28). 



Eqiiisetum arvense of Northern climates. Called in Britain horsetail (Ainsw.), in Germany 

 " schafthalm," in Italy "coda di cavallo " or "coda equina" (Lenz); in which we recognize the 

 I p p O Y P I ^ enumerated among signs of subterranean water by Democritus, and described as 

 resembling a horse's tail, its stem more slender at the root than above, hollow and divided into joints 

 from which arise hair-like leaves — (geopon. ii. 6) : E. arvense was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, 

 in moist open situations from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the " hippuris "of the 

 Greeks is identified by Pliny xviii. 67 and xxvi. 83 with the " equisetum in pratis vituperata : " 

 E. arvense is termed " e. a. longioribus setis " by Tournefort inst. 533 ; was observed by Lenz 

 frequent in Italy; and is known to grow throughout middle and Northern Europe (Curt. lond. iv. 

 pi. 64). Farther West, is known to grow on Madeira (herb. A. N. S.) ; was observed by Drummond 

 in Lat. 54 at Cumberland House ; by myself, along the Atlantic as far South as Lat. 42°, and by 

 Barton to 40 near Philadelphia. 



Equisetum ephedrioides of the Mediterranean countries. Possibly the "ippouris " of Democri- 

 tus ; — at least, agreeing better with the Egyptian " ph£rphra " identified in Syn. Diosc. iv. 44 with 

 the "kronou trophe " of the prophets : E. ephedrioides was observed by Bory pi. 37 in the Pelopon- 

 nesus ; by Bov^ in the Sinai Desert ; and Westward, is known to grow in Algeria and Spain as far as 

 the Garonne (Bory). 3 8 



