298 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"405 B. C." (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 381), Darius II. succeeded by Artaxerxes II. 

 Mnemon, tenth Persian emperor. 



"In the autumn" (Xenoph., Blair, and Clint.), Nineteenth change in naval dominion. The 

 Athenians defeated by Lysander in naval combat at Aegospotamos ; and the " Empire " over the 

 Eastern waters of the Mediterranean transferred to the Spartans. 



" The same year" (Lubke and Lutrow), in Sicily, Agrigentum devastated by the Carthaginians ; 

 the temple there to Jupiter being unfinished. —Remains of the "almost destroyed" temple continue 

 extant. 



By Clidemus (Aristot. meteor, ii. 9), lightning regarded as having no real existence ; as an effect 

 only, like striking the sea with a rod. 



"404, in the spring" (Xenoph., Blair, and Clint.), Athens captured by the Spartans under 

 Lysander ; the Peloponnesian war thus ending in Spartan ascendancy. Athens now placed under the 

 " Thirty; " who ruled " eight months." 



" On the nones of June "(.... Cic. rep. i. 16, and Sm. b. d.), eclipse of the sun. Recorded 

 in the Annales Maximi. 



"403 B. C." ( . . . . Clint.), archonship of Euclides, " a marked epoch in the civil history of 

 Athens." After the deposition of the "Thirty," Thrasybulus and his party carrying on war against 

 the succeeding government of the " Ten." 



402 B. C. (=424 — "22 years" in the Mahavamsa v.), the sons of Calasoka succeeded by 

 Uggasenah-Nandeya, now Hindu king, — afterwards by Panducah-Nandeya, Panducagaty-Nandeya, 

 Bupala-Nandeya, Rattepale-Nandeya, Govisanah-Nandeya, and Dasesittica Nandeya. 



In this year (r= 40S — "6 years " of both Maneth. tables), in Egypt, N£ph£rites succeeded by 

 Ahoris, second king of the Twenty-ninth dynasty. Ah6ris is historically mentioned by Theopompus, 

 and Diodorus. The hieroglyphic ovals of king Hakor occur at Shayl, and on stone fragments at 

 Karnak (Glid. analect.) ; also on repaired portions of the temples at Medinet-abu and El Kab, in the 

 quarries at Tura, and on a sphinx (now in Paris). 



" In this year " (Lysias, Suid., Eudox., and Sm. b. d.) at Athens, a prize for comedy gained by 

 Cephisodorus. 



" 401 B. C. = 1st year of Ngan-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 

 The same year = " 2d year of Hakor," inscribed at Tura ; the latest date in his reign found on 

 the monuments. " Thirteen " years are however assigned to him in both the Maneth. tables. 



Moringa aptera of Nubia and Tropical Arabia. The oil called in commerce oil-of-ben, in Egypt 

 " habbet el-ghaly " (Del.) or "hobba gali " (Forsk. mat. med.), being remarkable for not turning 

 rancid (Pers., and Spreng.), may have been the kind used in compounding precious ointment called 

 in Egyptian " sojfin " (transl. Sept.): the £ ATA AN Egyptian ointment of Epilycus, — and 

 Eubulus (Athen. xvii. 13), may be compared: the "valanos" is described by Theophrastus iv. 2 to 6 

 as a contorted tree peculiar to Egypt, its leaves myrtle-like, fruit like that of "kapparios" and used 

 by " murgpsoi " ointment-makers ; grows according to Dioscorides in Ethiopia, Egypt, Arabia, and at 

 Petra on the border of Judea; and the " myrobalanus " is mentioned by Cato 114, Pliny, and Galen 

 comp. med. ix. p. 239: M. aptera is described by Lamarck enc. i. 733 (Pers.) ; was observed by 

 myself, a low contorted tree in mountain-ravines at Aden ; by Lepsius eg. and sin. p. 227, the "ban" 

 tree having "roundish furrowed pods " in a small valley in Upper Nubia, but regarded by him as 

 perhaps "introduced by the Schaiqieh Arabs." The seeds of this species according to Decaisne, and 

 Lindley, yield the oil-of-ben " much used by perfumers as the basis of various scents, and by watch- 

 makers, because it does not readily freeze." 



Moringa pterygosperma of Tropical Hindustan. Called in Tamil "mooringhy," in Telinga 

 "mooraga," in Bengalee " shajina," in Hindustanee "sujna" (Drur.) ; and confounded with the 

 preceding as early perhaps as this date : — the " balanus myrepsica " seen by Belon 126, and Hassel- 

 quist, at mount Sinai, may be compared (a pod from that locality obtained by Gliddon was sharply 

 trigonal, but I did not examine the seeds) ; also the two foreign trees seen by Forskal p. 67 in the 

 city of Beit el fakih, unknown to the inhabitants but by some one called " seseban." Eastward from 

 Arabia, was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 11 in Malabar; by myself, from Bombay to the end of my 

 journey only around villages ; by Graham, " common about villages all over the country, oil is 

 obtained from the seeds ; " by Drury, "in gardens in the peninsula," and the oil used medicinally; 

 by Roxburgh, in other portions of Hindustan ; is known to occur also on Ceylon (Pers.). Farther 

 East, was observed by Mason v. p. 468 " exotic " in Burmah and called " da-tha-lwon," cultivated 

 "by the Burmese for its pods which are eaten in curries," but by residents chiefly valued for its root 

 hardly to be distinguished from horse-radish; is known to occur also on Java (Drur ) ; was observed 

 by Loureiro in Anam (Steud.) ; by Blanco, on the Philippines and called in Tagalo " malungai " or 

 " camalungai " or " calungai," in Bisaya and Pampango " malungai " or " calungai " or '• malungit " or 

 "dool," universally known to the natives and regarded by them as never struck by lightning the 



