OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 299 



leaves and fruit cooked and eaten. By European colonists, was carried to the West Indies, 

 where the oil is eaten on salads, and on "Jamaica the wood is employed for dyeing a blue colour " 

 (Drur.). 



"The same year" (D. Laert., Blair, and Clint.), expedition of the younger Cyrus with Greek 

 auxiliaries, against his brother Artaxerxes II. The route led through " Lycaonia,'' the table-land or 

 inland basin of Asia Minor, now first mentioned in history (Xen. anab. i. 2. 19, iii. 2. 23, and cyrop. 

 vi. 2. 20). — The country is described by Strabo xii. 6 ; and the Lycaonian language is mentioned in 

 Acts xiv. 12. 



One hundred and seventeenth generation. Jan. 1st, 400, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poets, 

 Philoxenus of Cythera, Telestes, and Polyidus ; the comic poets, Diocles, Sannyrion, Philyllius, 

 Hipparchus, Polyzelus, Xenophon, Arcesilaus, Autocrates, Eunicus, Apollophanes, Nicophon, 

 Nicochares, and Theopompus ; the tragic poets, Cleophon, Astydamas, Diogenes, Euripides the 

 younger, Astydamas the younger, Sophocles the younger, Dicaeogenes, and Chaeremon ; the 

 mimographer Xenarchus ; the philosophers, Aeschines, and Metrodorus of Chio ; the historians, 

 Anaximander the younger, and Philistus ; the orators Archinus, Cephalus, Thrasybulus of Colyttus, 

 and Melanopus ; the painters, Zeuxis, Apollodorus, and Eupompus ; the sculptor Polycletus of 

 Argos. 



The EAEI05 of Xenophon cyn. v. 17, — and Aristotle, enumerated as inferior food by 

 Mnestheus (Oribas. ii. 68), identified by Hesychius with the "skiouros," is referred by writers to the 

 squirrel, Sciurus E..ropaeus. 



Corylus colurna of the countries on the Black Sea. The imported nuts called in Britain cob-nut, 

 in Germany " zellernuss " (Grieb), and the living shrub in the environs of Constantinople " phoun- 

 toukia " (Fraas) ; the K A P Y A without seam of Xenophon anab. v. 4, — " karua pontika " of 

 Ctesias, Athenaeus, Galen fie. alim. ii. p. 609, and of Dioscorides in part, may therefore be compared : 

 the " erakl£6tike karua" bearing "promakron karpon " of Theophrastus iii. 15. 2 and causs. ii. I2.6is 

 referred here by Fraas : Pliny xv. 24 speaks of the "abellinas " as distinct from the " avellanis " and 

 brought into Greece from Pontus, therefore called "ponticae nuces : " C. colurna is termed "avellana 

 byzantina" by Clusius hist. i. pi. ir, " c. byzantina " by Tournefort inst. 582 and Seba i. pi. 27; and 

 was observed in the environs of Constantinople by Sibthorp (see C. avellana). 



Azalea Pontica of the Caucasian countries. After the defeat and death of Cyrus the younger, 

 the " Ten thousand " Greeks retreating towards Trebizond found the honey of the country poison- 

 ous, and from the effects some became delirious and some died (Xenoph. anab. iv. 8) : — the existence 

 in this quarter of poisonous honey, is mentioned also by Aristotle mirab. 17, Diodorus, Dioscorides, 

 and Aelian ; soldiers under Pompey in crossing the mountains near Trebizond, were defeated through 

 partaking of this honey (Strab. xii. p. 88) ; and the poisonous quality is attributed by Pliny xxi. 45 

 to flowers of "rhododendri " abounding through the woods. In modern times, this poisonous honey 

 has been traced to the flowers of A. Pontica by Tournefort acad. paris. 1704, and Klaproth trav. i. 

 p. 455, and according to Pallas flor. i. pi. 69 the effects are like those of Lolium temulentum, and 

 the natives are well aware of the deleterious properties. A. Pontica is known to grow in other parts 

 of Asia Minor, in Georgia, and in woods of oak and beech on the subalpine portion of Caucasus 

 (Lindl.). 



Rhododendron Ponticum of Taurus and Caucasus. An allied ornamental shrub, growing 

 chiefly on mountains, — and its flowers supposed by Tournefort to equally poison honey ; but this is 

 denied by Guldenstadt, and according to Pallas i. pi. 29 the shrub is unknown in the country of 

 poisonous honey and makes its first appearance in the districts of Ocriba and Salordkipaniso on the 

 Southern subalpine limestone ridge of Caucasus : R. Ponticum is known to grow also on the neigh- 

 bouring mountains of Western Persia (Lindl.) ; was observed by Labillardiere in Syria, by Grise- 

 bach on the Bithynian Olympus at the elevation of only " eight hundred " feet, but according to 

 Tchihatcheff is rarely met with in Asia Minor. Westward, was known to R. Constantinus ; and 

 according to Persoon, Webb trav. 29, and A. Decandolle, reappears on the extreme Southern moun- 

 tains of Portugal and Spain. Is besides planted for ornament, and by European colonists was carried 

 to Northeast America, where it continues in greenhouses. 



"Before the close of the year" (Clint.), arrival home by the way of Asia Minor of the retreating 

 " Ten thousand " Greeks. 



" In this year" (Chinese writers, Amyot, and Pauth. p. 200), gunpowder, and "ho-toung" or 

 fire-tubes in use among the Chinese. 



The Feejeean Tongan and Samoan Groups colonized as early possibly as this date. The 

 Tono-ans and Samoans "refer the origin of their race to a large island, situated to the Northwest, 

 called by the former Bulotu, by the latter Pulotu and Purotu," and by the Feejeeans "Mburotu : " 

 regarded by Hale ethnogr. Expl. Exp. 19s as perhaps Bouro in the Malayan archipelago (see Tau- 

 maco). 



