OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 30r 



" 399 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), pestilence in Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls ; and 

 a "lectisternium " funeral banquet to the gods, for the first time instituted. 



"The same year " (Clint), at Athens, Socrates accused by the tragic poet Meletus and unjustly 

 put to death . 



"398 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), from Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls, an embassy 

 sent to consult the oracle at Delphi. 



As early probably as this date (Plat, phaed., and D. Laert.), Philolaus maintaining after the 

 Pythagoreans, That the Earth is not stationary, but moves around a central fire. 



" 396 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), military tribunes holding the place of consuls, Veii captured by the 

 Romans under the dictator M. Furius Camillus. — Three years afterwards, the conquered territory 

 was distributed among the plebeians. 



"The same year" (Blair, and Clint.), expedition of the Proclid king of Sparta, Agesilaus II., 

 into Asia against the Persians. 



About this time (epist. socrat. 9), the Socratic philosopher Aristippus writing from Syracuse to 

 Antisthenes. 



Lupinus albus of the Mediterranean countries. A field lupine called in France " lupin " or 

 "pois lupin" (Nugent), in Italy "lupino" (Lenz), and the large and white OEPMQN sent from 

 Sicily by Aristippus — may be compared : L. albus was observed by Chaubard in the Peloponnesus, 

 by Grisebach in Thrace, by Durville near Constantinople, and is known to grow as far as Caucasus 

 (Ledeb.) ; is known to be cultivated in Egypt (Moench, Del. mem. cult. p. 13, and Dec. prodr. i. 407), 

 was observed by Grant in descending the Nile under cultivation in " Lat. 15 ." Westward, the 

 cultivated " lupinus " is mentioned by Cato 34 to 54, Varro, Virgil, Columella, Pliny xviii. 36, 

 Palladius, and the " loupinoum " of the Romans in Syn. Diosc. ii. 132 : L. albus is termed " 1. sativus " 

 by Gatereau ; was observed by Lenz under cultivation in Italy, by Link i. 207 in Portugal and the 

 seeds eaten (Pers.) ; is besides known to grow to all appearance wild in Italy and Sicily (Bertol., 

 Guss., and A. Dec). 



"395 B. C." (Clint ), after an absence of " three or four" years in Italy, Cyrene, and especially 

 Egypt, where he received instruction from Sechnuphis, Plato returning to Athens. 



The superstition of the evil eye, BALKAN I A already in Greece in the days of Plato phaed. 



ward, "the willow-leaved variety" is described by Rumphius iv. pi. 26 (Graham); C. variegatum 

 was observed by myself on the Philippines, planted by the natives according to Blanco for ornament ; 

 by Thunberg, as far as Japan ; is termed "phyllaurea codiaeum " by Loureiro ii. 705 ; was observed 

 by Mason 421 to 762 " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated for ornament ; by Roxburgh, in Hindustan ; by 

 Rheede vi. pi. 61, in Malabar; by Graham, as far as Bombay, "very common" in "gardens and 

 flower pots." By European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer in 

 gardens. Transported to Europe, continues in greenhouses (bot. mag. pi. 3051, and bot. cab. 



pi. 870). 



Dioscorea aculeata of Tropical Eastern Asia. The Goa potato or birch-rind yam is called in 

 Malabar " kata-kelengu " (Rheede), on the Feejeean Islands according to one account "kawai" 

 (C. P.) ; carried there, and perhaps by the first colonists : — observed by myself, cultivated rather 

 abundantly, roots also at Tongatabu, possibly imported, and roots again in the market on Sulu ; the 

 plant according to Rumphius v. pi. 126 and p. 358 is chiefly spontaneous in Western China (A. Dec.) ; 

 was observed by Roxburgh in Hindustan ; by Rheede vii. pi. 37, in Malabar ; and according to 

 Drury, the roots " are dug up in the forests in the cold season, and sold in the bazaars ; " are known 

 at Bombay only as "imported from Goa" (Graham, and myself). By European colonists, was 

 carried to the Mauritius Islands, observed by Bojer cultivated around dwellings. (See D. pen- 

 taphylla). 



Crinum Asiaticum of Tropical Eastern Asia. Called in Cingalese " tolabo," in Bengalee "bura- 

 kanoor" or " sookh-dursun " (Lindl.), in Telinga " vesha mungaloo-pakoo," in Tamil "veshi moon- 

 ghee " (Drur.) : carried to the Feejeean Islands possibly by the first colonists : — observed by myself 

 under cultivation there and on Tongatabu, seemingly indigenous along the seashore of the Samoan 

 Islands, but found by Brackenridge under cultivation also by the Samoans. Westward, was observed 

 by Blanco on the Philippines in Mandaloyon, though unknown to the natives ; by myself, under cul- 

 tivation in the Malayan archipelago; is termed by Rumphius "radix toxicaria;" and in Java, is 

 considered a good emetic, efficient in curing wounds made by poisoned arrows (rumphia i. 55, and 

 Drur.) ; was observed by Hermann hort. lugd. 683 on Ceylon; by Rheede xi. pi. 38, in Malabar; 

 by Graham, in "both Concans," to and beyond Bombay; by Ainslie, and Roxburgh, in other parts 

 of Hindustan, "on the banks of rivers and in marshy places," the juice of its leaves given "in Upper 

 India" in ear-ache (Drur.). Transported to Europe, is described by Miller pi. no. 



