3<D2 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



ioo, — and Aristotle probl. 20.34: spitting thrice upon persons in danger of being bewitched is 

 mentioned by Theocritus vi. 39, and to the present day, according to E. A. Sophocles gloss., is 

 practised by the Greeks 



The M A T N H T I £ : AI90S magnetic ore of iron or the natural magnet, mentioned by Plato ion. 

 533, — Eubulus (Athen. iii.), and others. 



Astragalus poterium of the Mediterranean countries. The NEYPA string of vegetable fibre 

 in Plato polit. 279 seems to imply knowledge of the " nguratha " of the Ionians ; — identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the " poterion " of Dioscorides, a large spiny bush covered with woolly down and having 

 long soft thong-like branches " tragakanthe "-like, small roundish leaves, " neur6th£is " roots two or 

 three cubits long yielding when cut a gummy exudation, and referred here by writers : the " poterion " 

 is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " phrunion " or " akithoton : " A. poterium was observed 

 by Tournefort trav. i. p. 61 in Greece, its down collected for kindling. Westward, the account by 

 Pliny xxv. 76 and xxvii. 97 of the " poterion " or '• phrynion," an antidote to " ranis venena rubetis 

 maxime,'' seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides ; A. poterium is described by Matthioli comm. p. 498, 

 and Clusius hist. i. p. 108 (Spreng.) ; and is known to grow in Spain and Portugal (Morisonii.pl. 13, 

 Lam., and Pers.). 



In this year (= " 01. 96. 2, Diophantus being Athenian archon," Paus. viii. 45. 4), at Tegea in 

 Arcadia, the temple to Minerva in the Doric style of architecture destroyed by fire. The temple was 

 rebuilt by Scopas, after the Corinthian order invented by Callimachus. 



Acanthus mollis of the West Mediterranean countries. The "acanthus " said to have suggested 

 to Callimachus the idea of the Corinthian column — (Vitruv. iv. 1. 10), is referred here by writers : a 

 cup with the "ugros akanthos '' sculptured around is mentioned by Theocritus i. ^ ; the " akantha " 

 (read " acanthos " by Pliny) growing according to Dioscorides in gardens and stony and moist places, 

 its leaves smooth and incised like those of " £uz6mou," and flower white, is identified in the added 

 Synonyms with the "erpakantha" or " melamphullon " or "paitMrSta ; " the "paith£r6s" was found 

 by Pausanias ii. 10. 5 growing only within the enclosure of the temple to Venus at Sicyon, the leaves 

 having the shape of those of the oak and burned with the offerings : A. mollis has not been observed 

 in Greece by modern travellers ; and according to Clot-Bey and Figari has only recently been intro- 

 duced into Egypt. Westward, the "acanthus" is termed " molli " as well as "flexi" by Virgil 

 eel. iii. 45 and geor. iv. 122 ; " tortus " by Columella x. 243 ; the " laeve " kind according to Pliny 

 xxii. 34 is by some called "paederota" or melamphyllum ; " the "acanthus "is mentioned also by the 

 younger Pliny ep. v. 6 : A. mollis is termed " a. sativus vel mollis " by Tournefort inst. 176, " a. niger " 

 by Miller ; was observed by Sibthorp on Sicily; is known to grow also in Italy, the neighbouring 

 portion of France, and in Spain (Pers., and Colm. recuerd. p. i,S). Farther North, is cultivated for 

 ornament ; and introduced at some remote period, has become naturalized on the Scilly Islets and in 

 the neighbouring portion of Cornwall (Wats., and A. Dec). The leaves according to Lindley are 

 " emollient " and " used for poultices." 



Acanthus spinosus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " moutrina '' or 

 " tzoulathitza " (Sibth.) ; and possibly the "acanthus" seen by Callimachus: — the "akanthou" 

 enumerated by Theophrastus vi. 1. 3 as prickly-leaved, and the "akanthos althegis " of Nicander 

 ther. 645, are referred here by the scholiast; the "agria akantha" of Dioscorides iii. 17 may also 

 belong here : A spinosus was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from Crete and 

 the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the " agria akantha " is identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the " spina agrgstis " of the Romans, but the account by Pliny xxii. 34 of the " aculeatum 

 et crispum " kind of " acanthos " seems taken from Dioscorides : A. spinosus is termed " a. aculeatus " 

 by Tournefort inst. 176; was observed by Hogg on Sicily; is known to grow also in Italy (S abb. 

 hort. iii. pi. 14, and Pers.). 



"394 B. C." (Blair, and Clint.), naval combat at Cnidus ; the Spartans defeated by the Athenians 

 and their allies, the forces of Pharnabazus and of Evagoras of Cyprus, all under the command of 

 Conon. By a Twentieth change, the "Empire" over the Eastern waters of the Mediterranean now 

 leaving the Spartans. A few days later, 



" August 14th," eclipse of the sun. And after a few days, the Athenian army and allies defeated 

 at Coronea by the Spartans under Agesilaus II. 



"The same year" (Gesen. mon. Phoen. p. 10), date of a Cilico-Phcenician coin bearing the 

 earliest Phoenician inscription known: — even after including Punic inscriptions. The Hebrew 

 inscriptions on the Maccabee coins present many of the same forms of letters. 



"392 B. C." (Diod. xiv. 90 to 96, and Sm. b. d.), in Sicily, Mago with a Carthaginian army 

 compelled by Dionysius by cutting off supplies to conclude a treaty of peace. 



" In this year " (Jap. centen. comm. 45). accession of Koan, sixth dairo of Japan. — He " reigned 

 during not less than one hundred and two years " (must therefore have been proclaimed in infancy). 



"391 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), military tribunes holding the place of consuls, Camillus banished from 

 Rome. Etruria invaded by the Gauls, who besiege the city of Clusium. 



