OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 305 



vated in Northern Hindustan for rose-water and attar of rose, but the latter is extensively distilled 

 only at Ghazipore within the limits of Persia ; was observed by Graham " commonly cultivated in 

 Indian gardens " around Bombay ; and the var. with variegated flowers, by Loureiro in Anam 

 (Steud.). Westward from Persia, the "bifera rosaria Paesti " of Virgil geor. iv. 119, mentioned also 

 by Propertius iv. 5. 59, Ovid met. xv. 708, Martial iv. 41. 10, and Ausonius xiv. ir, are referred here 

 by Sprengel : R. Damascena is described by Symphorius Campegius, and Miller ; is termed " r. 

 bifera alba et rosea" by Duhamel (Steud.) ; and has become well known in the gardens of Europe. 

 (See R. centifolia.) 



Vateria M.alabarica of Southern Hindustan. The piney varnish or Indian copal tiee is called 

 in Canarese " dupa " (Buch.), in Telinga " dupada mara," in Tamil " koondrikum " or " velli koondri- 

 cum," in Malabar " peini-marum '' (Drur.) ; and the i. I P T A XO PA tree on the mountains, yielding 

 according to Ctesias an exudation that f alling.into the river Uparhos hardens into amber HAEKTPON, 

 — may be compared : V. Malabarica is termed "chloroxylon dupada" by Buchanan, as observed by 

 him in Mysore ; is wrongly termed "v. indica" by Roxburgh ; and according to Drury "forms beau- 

 tiful avenues in Malabar and Canara " and " was a favourite with the ancient rajas," yields " an excel- 

 lent varnish resembling copal," but "the best specimens of the gum are employed as ornaments 

 under the name of amber ' kehroba' to which it bears exterior resemblance." 



V T ateria Roxburgkiana of Burmah. Called there " let-touk " (Mason) ; and the locality in ques- 

 tion — is referred by Mason iii. 39 to the amber mines of North Burmah: V. Roxburghiana is 

 described by Wight; and according to Mason v. 486 to 515 yields a varnish similar to that of the 

 preceding species. 



Rueliia indigofera of the Eastern Himalayas. Called in Assam " room," in Burmah " mai-gyee " 

 (Mason) ; and the purple flower AN GOS : TO^YPOYN growing according to Ctesias at the sources 

 of the Uparhos and brought down in quantities on rafts, the POPSYPAN purple dye it affords being 

 brighter than the Greek, — is referred here by Mason : R. indigofera is described by Griffith ; was 

 observed by Mason " exotic " in Burmah, cultivated extensively for its blue dye not inferior to indigo, 

 the plant probably derived from Assam. 



Diospyros kaki of Japan. Chinese dates -axe. called by the Burmese "tay-thee'' (Mason); and 

 the fruit attributed to the "siptahora" tree by Ctesias, and brought down HHPAINONTE5 like raisins 

 in baskets on the same rafts, — is referred here by Mason: who further states, that the dried fruit 

 continues to be brought in great quantities overland to Ava, the living tree has also been introduced 

 and is sometimes cultivated, but " bears fruit very sparingly." Farther East, was observed Kaemp- 

 fer pi. 806, and Thunberg, frequent in Japan, cultivated as well as seemingly wild. By European 

 colonists, was carried to the environs of Bombay, observed by Graham in a garden, "a large erect- 

 growing very handsome tree," its fruit "yellow and about the size of a small orange." 



The insects living on the amber-bearing trees, and when bruised yielding *0 I N IK I A A i red or 

 purple dye, — are referred by Mason iii. 39 to v. 357 to lac, Coccus lacca : to the present day very 

 abundant in the Shan States of Burmah, and exported in large quantities from the mouths of the 

 Irawaddy ; met with also by Bontius on Java. Farther West, lac as imported into Hindustan is 

 mentioned in the Institutes of Menu (transl. Deslongch.): and as known among the Arabs, by Ishak 

 ebn Amran, Rhazes, Mesue can. univ., Avicenna, Ebn Elhozar, and Ebn Baitar. 



The inhabitants of the mountain-district in question according to Ctesias are called by the In- 

 dians " Kalustrioi " meaning in Greek " Kunokephaloi," and their language resembles the barking 

 of dofs ; they live by hunting, clothing themselves in the skins of wild beasts and drying the meat in 

 the sun, but also keep sheep, goats, and donkeys, have neither bedsteads nor houses but dwell in 

 caves, are black in complexion, equitable in their dealings like the other Indians, and both men and 

 women all have tails, larger and more hairy than that of dogs. — This belief in tailed men continues 

 in the Malayan archipelago, our native pilot in the Sooloo Sea pointing to Borneo said the "people 

 are very bad, hut those on the mountains worse and have tails." 



Glycyrrhiza glabra of Tartary. The liquorice plant is called in Germany " sussholz," in Italy 

 "liquirizia" or "regolizia" or "glicirriza" (Lenz), in Greece "regolitza" or "glukoriza" (Sibth.), 

 in Egypt "orksus" (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the PI Z AN: r A Y K E I A N eaten according to 

 Ctesias by the pastoral people beyond the sources of the river to prevent milk from coagulating in 

 the stomach; — known to Theophrastus ix. 13. 2 only as a"skuthike" root, growing about the 

 Maeotis and alleviating thirst if held in the mouth, enabling the Scythians to continue eleven or 

 twelve days on horseback: "radix dulcis " is prescribed by Celsus v. 20 to 23 ; " glycyrrhizae succi 

 est autem radix dulcis" according to Scribonius Largus 75 to 86; and the "thoulkis rathix " of the 

 Romans is identified in Syn. Diosc. witji the "pontike " or " skuthion " or " athipson : " the living 

 plant is mentioned by Rhazes, and Avicenna : G. glabra was observed by Forskal in the gardens of 

 Eo-ypt, according to Clot-Bey long known there; by Sibthorp, Bory, and Fraas, frequent and seem- 

 ingly wild from Crete to the Peloponnesus, its pods sometimes scabrous ; is termed "g. siliquosa vel 



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