306 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



germanica" by Tournefort inst. 389, "liquiritia officinalis" by Moench 152 (Pers.) ; was observed 

 by Lenz under cultivation in Italy, as well as seemingly wild. The decoction according to Lindley 

 "is a common remedy for coughs and hectic or phthisical cases." 



J'otamogeton gramineiim of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A grass-leaved water 

 spike; and the KETXPITIS growing according to Ctesias num. in the river Alpheus, resembling 

 MEM KH Pfl, and given in potion against insanity — (Plut. num. xix. 2), may be compared : P. grami- 

 neum was observed by Sibthorp in the rills of Arcadia. Westward, is known to grow throughout 

 middle Europe (Pers.) ; and was observed by Ray pi. 4. f. 3 as far as Britain. 



" 382 B. C." (Isocr., and Clint., see also Diodor.), Amyntas II., successor of Pausanias, reigning 

 in Macedonia. 



As early perhaps as this date (prose Avadan. Asok., and Burnouf introd. 358), Mahamandala 

 succeeded by his son Prasenadjit as Hindu king. 



"376 B. C." = tenth and last year of the Cyprian war, between Evagoras and the Persians 

 (Isocr., and Clint.). Nectanebus at the time reigning in Egypt (Theopomp. fr. in). 



The earliest Zodiacal projection known, is on a sarcophagus of the time of king Nectanebus 

 (Birch). 



"The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, military tribunes holding the place of consuls, "roga- 

 tiones Liciniae" to increase the political power and improve the condition of the plebeians, proposed 

 by C. Licinius and L. Sextius tribunes of the people. 



"The same year" (101st 01. of Suid., see Clint.), comedy exhibited by Eubulus : regarded by 

 grammarians as the beginning of the " Middle Comedy.' - 



" 375 B. C. = 1st year of Lie-wang, of the Tcheou " or Fifth dynasty (Chinese chron. table). 



" The same year " (Sm. b. d.), C. Licinius and L. Sextius re-elected tribunes ; who, the patricians 

 not permitting the "rogationes " to become a law, prevented the election of any patrician magistrates. 

 — This continued four years. 



The SMIKPON: TPYPANON small trepan (for sawing a circular piece out of the skull) used by 

 Hippocrates vuln. cap.: litliotomy, cutting for the stone, is mentioned in the treatise ore, — and 

 according to Aretaeus chron. ii. 4, men sometimes die on the day of the latter operation, which how- 

 ever is indispensable (Cockayne). 



Piper longum of Tropical Hindustan. Called in commerce long pepper, in Sanscrit " krishna " 

 or " chupula " or "pippulee," in Bengalee - 'pippul," in Telinga "pippul-chitoo " (Lindl.) ; in which 

 we recognize the P EP E P I about which Ctesias is silent and all writers prior to Eubulus, — and Anti- 

 phanes, so far as known to Athenaeus ii. 73 : the "p£pe>i " is mentioned in Vict. acut. 53 (regarded 

 as a genuine writing of Hippocrates) also in 3 Morb. 25. and according to "> Morb. mul. 84 is so 

 called by the Persians ; the " p£p£ri promekSs " is distinguished by Theophrastus ix. 20. 1, Diosco- 

 rides, and Galen fac. simpl. iii p. 07: the "piper longum," by Pliny xii. 14 ; and the fruit of ■• dar 

 folfel" is compared by Avicenna p. 159 tn aments of the willow (Spreng.) : from transported speci- 

 mens, P. longum is described by Valerius Cordus iv. 25, and Plukenet aim. pi. 104. Eastward from 

 Persia, the " pfipSri " is described by Cosmas Indicopleustes iii. p. 178 to xi. 336 as a woody vine 

 clinging to trees in " MalS " (Malabar) : P. longum was observed in Malabar by Rheede vii. pi. 14 ; 

 by Nimmo, in the Southern Concan (Graham) ; is known to grow " wild among bushes on the banks 

 of water-courses, up towards the Circar mountains " (Lindl.) ; is besides much cultivated, and ac- 

 cording to Roxburgh dried slices of the root and thickest part of the stem are much used medicinally 

 under the name of " pippula moola ; " was observed by Mason v. 494 •• exotic" in Burmah and called 

 " peik-khyen," its dried berries sold " in the bazars." The effects according to Lindley " are analo- 

 gous to those of black pepper." 



Anthyllis Cretica of Crete. Called there " arhontixulon " (Bell.) ; and the E B E N i prescribed 

 in Vict. acut. 407, — its rasped wood useful against ophthalmia according to Theophrastus ix. 20. 4, 

 and Dioscorides, is referred here by some writers : the " acanthina xula"" mentioned by Dioscorides 

 as sometimes sold for ebony, may also be compared : A. Cretica is termed " barba jo vis lagopoides 

 cretica frutescens incana flore spicato purpureo amplo " by Tournefort inst. 651, " ebenus cretica " by 

 Linnaeus ; was observed on the mountains of Crete by Honorius Bellus (Clus. hist. 309), Alpinus 

 exot. ii. 32 p. 278, and Sibthorp. 



Euphorbia peplis of the seashore along the Mediterranean and adjoining portion of the Atlantic. 

 Called in Greece " hamogalatzithaki " (Fraas) ; and the PEPAIQ of Hippocrates vict. acut. 11 — is 

 identified in Syn. Diosc with the " peplis " of Dioscorides, growing on the seashore and full of white 

 juice, referred here by writers : the " pfiplis " is mentioned also by Rufus Ephesius, and Galen, and is 

 further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " anthrahnen agrian : " E. peplis was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in maritime sand around Greece and the Greek islands ; and by Delile 

 on the Mediterranean shore of Egypt. Westward, numerous medicinal properties are attributed by 

 Pliny xx. 81 to the "porcilaca" or "peplin : " E. peplis is described by Lobel pi. 363, and Camerarius 



