OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 307 



epit. 970; is termed " tithymalus maritimus folio obtuso aurito" by Tournefort inst. 87; was observed 

 by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known to grow on the seashore from Italy as far even as the 

 Southwestern extreme of Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 2002, Lindl., and Lenz). 



Amtni majus of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy "ammi " or " comino nostrale " 

 (Lenz), in Greece " aspgrokephalos " (Forsk., and Sibth.), in Egypt " chajUe " (Forsk.) ; in which 

 we recognize the " ammi " identified by Pliny xx. 58 with the KYMINON: PAPABASIAEIof Hippo- 

 crates humor. 4, — or " kuminon vasilikon" distinguished according to Syn. Diosc. iii 63 by some 

 writers from the " aithiopikon kuminon:" A. majus was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, 

 frequent in cultivated ground in Greece and on the Greek islands ; by Hasselquist in Palestine ; and 

 by Forskal p. 54, and Delile, around Alexandria and Rosetta. Westward, is described by Tournefort 

 inst. 304, and Blackwell pi. 447 ; and is known to grow as a weed in cultivated ground in Italy and 

 other parts of Southern Europe (Pers., and Lenz). 



Ptychotis ajowan of Hindustan. Called in Sanscrit " yuvanika " or " Bruhmadurbha," in Ben- 

 galee and Hindustanee " jouan " or " ajouan " or." ajwan " (Lindl.), in Tamil " womum" (Drur.) ; 

 and the KYMINONiAleiOplKON of 3 Morb., — Int. affect, p. 492, and 1 Mul. morb. 603, identified 

 through Syn. Diosc. with the " ammi " whose seeds only are described by Dioscorides, is referred 

 here by Sprengel : "ammii " seeds are enumerated among the ingredients of the theriac of Antiochus 

 Magnus (Plin. xx. 100), the " ammi " is mentioned also by Galen, and Paulus Aegineta, Avicenna 

 (F. Adams); and "ammi seeds from India" are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. as imported into 

 Egypt. Eastward, P. ajowan was observed by Roxburgh, Wight, Lush, and Drury, under cultivation 

 throughout Hindustan, and according to Graham " the seeds have an aromatic smell and warm pun- 

 gent taste," are " sold in the bazars, and used by the natives for culinary and medicinal purposes." 

 Farther East, P. ajowan is enumerated by Mason as "exotic" in Burmah, and no native name is 

 given. The seeds according to Sprengel continue to be imported into Europe; and the plant is 

 regarded by Roxburgh, and Lindley, as "one of the most useful and grateful of the umbelliferous 

 tribe." 



Ptychotis Coptica of Crete and Egypt. Possibly included in the " kuminon aithiopikon " of the 

 Hippocratic writings : — the " ammioum alSxantlrrinoum " of the Romans, mentioned in Syn. Diosc. 

 iii. 63, may be compared: "ammi seeds produced in Egypt" are enumerated by Forskal mat. med. ; 

 P. Copticum received from him is described by Linnaeus mant. 56, and Jacquin hort. ii. pi. 196 (Pers. 

 and Spreng.) ; and according to Lindley, grows also on Crete. 



Tordylium officinale of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Greece "kaukali- 

 thra " (Fraas) or " kaukalitha " (Sibth.) ; and the medicinal i E t E A I prescribed in Vict. acut. 12, — ■ 

 Fistul. 884, and by Paulus Aegineta, is referred here by Fraas : the " seselios " was found by Alpinus 

 employed medicinally in Egypt; and T. officinale was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, 

 frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands to Asia Minor. Westward, T. offici- 

 nale is termed " t. narbonense minus " by Tournefort inst. 320 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in 

 Southern Italy ; is known to grow also in Sicily and Southern France, occurring according to Persoon 

 even in England. (See Caucalis maritima). 



Rubia lucida of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " rizari " (Sibth.) or 

 "agrion rizari" (Fraas); and possibly the EPY6P0AAN0N prescribed in Vict, acut., — Steril. 

 p. 20, 1 Mul. morb., and by Nicander: the "£r<5uth6thanon" growing according to Theophrastus ix. 

 13. 6 in shady places, is referred here by Sprengel, and Fraas ; and the " £r£uthrothanon agria " is 

 given by Dioscorides as a second medicinal kind : R. lucida was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, 

 and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, is termed "r. quadrifolia asperrima lucida 

 peregrina " by Tournefort inst. 114 ; and according to Persoon, grows as far as Majorca. (See R. 

 tinctorum.) 



Aristolochia pallida of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " pikrounia " 

 (Fraas), in Italy with other species " stallagio " or "stallogio" or "aristolochia" (Lenz); in which 

 we recognize the APISTOAOXIA of 3 Morb. 23, — Int. affect. 25, 2 Morb. mul. 79, Nicander, 

 and Paulus Aegineta : the " aristolohia stroggule " described by Dioscorides as having an orbicular 

 "goCTo-ulithi "-like root and white flowers with their red portion rank-scented, is referred here by 

 writers : A. pallida was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent in shaded mountainous situations 

 in Greece. Westward, is termed "a. rotunda altera" by Clusius hist. ii. 70, "a. rotunda flore ex albo 

 purpurascente " by Tournefort inst. 162; and is known to grow in Croatia and Italy (Pers., Kitaib. 

 hung. pi. 240, Spreng., and Lenz). 



Aristolochia rotunda of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Italy by the same names with 

 the preceding species (Lenz), and possibly included in the "aristolohia" of the Hippocratic writings : 



t l ie "aristrjlohia" described by Theophrastus ix. 20. 4 as black in colour and agreeably-scented, 



may be compared: A. rotunda was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, in the Peloponnesus. 

 Farther South, "aristolochia root" was observed by Forskal mat. med. in the drug-shops of Egypt; 



