OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 309 



Glycyrrhiza echinata of the East Mediterranean seashore and as far as Tartary. Called in 

 Greece "glukoriza" (Sibth.), in which we recognize the " glukurrizes " identified by Galen with the 

 TAYKYMHS: BOTANHS of Hippocrates, — the Cretan kind the best (antid. i. 12): " glycyrrhizae 

 radicis " is prescribed by Asclepiades ; and the "glukuphuton " is mentioned in Syn. Diosc. iii. 5: 

 G. echinata is termed "g. capite echinato " by Tournefort inst. 389; was observed by Sibthorp fre- 

 quent in the sand of the seashore from Samos and Smyrna to Crete ; is known to grow as far as the 

 Southern extreme of Italy, and Eastward to the Tartarian Desert (Pers.). Compared with G. gla- 

 bra, its root according to Lindley has " similar properties but in a less degree." 



Glycyrrhiza glandulifera of the plains of Eastern Europe. Possibly the "glukumes votanes " 

 in question, — at least agreeing better with the "glukurrize" of Dioscorides, growing mostly in 

 Cappadocia and Pontus, and having hyacinthine flowers, glutinous leaves, and rough glomerate 

 fruit: G. glandulifera is described by Pallas (Steud.); was observed by Waldstein and Kitaibel i. pi. 

 21 in Hungary (Pers.); by Fraas in Greece; is known to grow throughout middle Asia (Spreng.), 

 but is not enumerated among medicinal plants. 



Bryonia dioica of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain white wild-vine 

 or white bryony (Prior), in Greece "agriokolokuthia" or "agrioklema" (Sibth.) ; in which we recog- 

 nize the "lSuke vruonia" identified by Galen with the EXETPQSIS of Hippocrates: — B. dioica 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, not rare in hedges in the Peloponnesus and surrounding 

 islands. Westward, the "albam bryoniam " is mentioned by Pliny xxiii. 16: B. dioica is termed 

 " b. aspera sive alba baccis rubris " by Tournefort inst. 102 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; is known 

 to grow also in Barbary and throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Jacq. austr. pi. 199, Engl, 

 bot. pi. 439, and Pers.). Outside of the profession according to Lindley, the root continues in 

 medicinal use, though producing "violent vomiting and purging, tormina, profuse watery evacua- 

 tions, and fainting," is besides sold in London market "to remove the bruise of a blackened eye." 



Bryonia Cretica of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece by the same names 

 with the preceding (Sibth.): the *IA06P0N or AAAPEAOS: ATPIA of Fistul. 6 — is identi- 

 fied through Syn. Diosc. with the " ampelos lfiuke " of Dioscorides, climbing among bushes, its berries 

 red, cooked "asparagoi" young shoots purgative and diuretic, leaves berries and root applied to 

 " hSirSn£i6n " and other bad ulcers, and referred here by Sibthorp, and Fraas : the " ampSlos l£uke " 

 or "psil6thron" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " ophiostaphulon " or "hfilithonion" or 

 "mel5thron" or "arh£z6stin" or "k£thr6stin" or "vrufinian: " B. Cretica is described by Linnaeus; 

 was observed by Sibthorp, D'Urville, and Fraas, frequent in hedges in the Peloponnesus and sur- 

 rounding islands. Westward, the account by Pliny xxiii. 16 of the " vitis alba" called by the Greeks 

 " ampeloleucen " or " psilothrum " or " ophiostaphylon " or " melothron " or " archezostin " or " cedros- 

 tin" or "madon" seems chiefly taken from Dioscorides. (See B. alba and Tamus Cretica). 



Galium saccharahtm of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. The * I A I i T I N or 

 *IAETA1P0S of Hippocrates — is identified by Galen with the "aparine;" described by Theo- 

 phrastus vii. 14. 2 to viii. 8. 4 as growing among lentils and adhering to garments, its flower on a 

 rough head withdrawing within itself in ripening seed ; mentioned also by Nicander ther. 850 to 923 ; 

 by Dioscorides, as employed to strain hairs from milk and having a hard rounded somewhat concave 

 seed, 'and in the added Synonyms identified with the " omphalokarpon " or " ampSlokarpon " or "phi- 

 lanthr6pon " or " ixon : " G. saccharatum was observed by Sibthorp frequent in the cultivated ground 

 of Greece; is known to occur also in Siberia (Gmel.). Westward, is termed "aparine semine cori- 

 andri saccharati " by Tournefort inst. 114, " valantia aparine " by Linnaeus ; was observed by Allioni 

 in cultivated ground in Southern France, by Vaillant pi. 4 near Paris (Pers.), and within the present 

 century has made its appearance in Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 2173, and A. Dec). 



Galium aparine of Northern Climates. Called in Britain ca'chweed or cleavers or clivers or 

 goose-share or goose-grass, in Anglo-Saxon "clife." in Holland " kleef-kruid " (Pryor), in Germany 

 "klebkraut," in Italy " attacamani " or "appicamani" (Lenz), in Greece "kolletzitha " (Sibth.); and 

 possibly included in the " philistion " or " philgtairos '' of Hippocrates : — G. aparine was observed 

 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent along walls hedges and in cultivated ground from the 

 Peloponnesus to Constantinople ; is known to grow also along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.), on 

 the Yenisei (Gmel ), and throughout Northern Asia (Ledeb.). Westward from Greece, remnants 

 have been found in debris of the early lake-villages of Switzerland; the " aparinen " or"philan- 

 thropon" or " omphacocarpon " was known to Pliny xxvii. 15 as growing both in cultivated ground 

 and meads " pratisve ; " the small " clifan " is mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon leechbook, and " gosys 

 gres " by Galfridus pr. pm. ; G. aparine is described also by Turner, and W. Coles (Prior) ; is termed 

 "aparine vulgaris" by Tournefort inst. 114; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Mar- 

 seilles, by Desfontaines in gardens in Algeria, by Brotero in waste places in Portugal ; and is known 

 to occur throughout middle and Northern Europe as far as Lapland (fl. Dan. 495, Pers., and Wats.), 

 also on Madeira (Lemann) and the Azores (Wats.). Farther West, was already in New England 



