310 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



when visited by Josselyn ; is known to grow from Canada along the Atlantic as far at least as 39° ; 

 was observed by Short in Kentucky, by Pitcher in Arkansas ; is known to grow also as far as 

 Vancouver (Hook.), Sitka (Bongard), and Unalaska (Ledeb.). In the Southern Hemisphere, was 

 observed by J. D. Hooker at the Southern extreme of both Africa and America; by C. Gay, in Chili 

 (A. Dec.) ; has doubtless in some instances been transported by European colonists, but its wide 

 diffusion seems in part due to adherence to the plumage of water-fowl. 



Cynara acaulis of the Mediterranean countries. A stemless kind of artichoke called in Greece 

 " agriokinara " (Sibth.) ; and the I El ON of Hippocrates, — identified by Galen with the " lfiukos 

 hamaileSn," may be compared : the leaves of the " hamailMn ■' according to Theophrastus vi. 4. 3 

 to ix. 12. 1 are not spiny, those the " l£ukos " kind being " skolum6 "-like but larger and its head of 

 flowers like a great thistle close to the ground, the root used medicinally ; the " hamaile6n leukos " is 

 alluded to by Nicander ther. 66i ; is described by Dioscorides as stemless with a " kinara "-like head 

 of purplish flowers : C. acaulis is termed " c. orientalis moschata acaulos foliis jacobaeae tenuius incisis 

 squamis c.ilycis sursum spectantibus " by Tournefort cor. 31, " cestrinus carthamoides " by Cassini, 

 and " serratula acaulis " by Decandolle (Steud. ) ; was observed by Sibthorp on Cyprus. Westward, 

 the account of the "chameleon candidus " by Pliny x.xi. 56 to xxii. 21 seems taken from the Greek; 

 but C. acaulis was observed by Desfontain.es pi. 223 in Barbary (Til. pis. pi. 20, and Pers.). 



Atractylis gummifera of the Mediterranean countries. A stemless thistle called in Greece 

 "kgphalia" (Fraas), in Egyptian "gpher" or " SphthosSphin " (Syn. Diosc.) : probably the IE ION 

 of Hippocrates, — for the " hamailetin lSukos " of Syn. Diosc. iii. 8 is identified with the '• ixian," in 

 some situations fielding about the roots " ixon" used by the women for mastich : the " i.xia" of Crete 

 yielding a gum is mentioned by Theophrastus vi. 4 9 to ix. 1. 3, and the '• ixine " is separately 

 described as giving out leaves from its root around a central head, like a concealed " melon," which 

 exudes a pleasant-tasled gum, the "akanthike mastihe : " A. gummifera was observed by Honorius 

 Bellus, Alpinus, Sibthorp, Sieber cret., Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from Crete and the Pelopon- 

 nesus throughout the Greek islands. Westward, the " ixian " or " hrusiskeptron " is identified in 

 Syn. Diosc. with the "karthous ouarinous " of the Romans ; the account of the '• helxine " by Pliny 

 xxi. 56 and xxii. 2r seems taken from Theophrastus, and that of the "ixian," partly from Syn. Diosc. : 

 A. gummifera was observed in Italy by Anguillara p. 137, its gum well-flavoured, and the flower-head 

 preserved with honey and sugar especially around Urbino; is described also by F. Columna ecph. i. 

 12; is termed "cnicus carlina? folio acaulos gummifer aculeatus flore purpureo " by Tournefort cor. 

 33; was observed by Oliver it. gall, in Southern France, by Cavanilles in Spain, by Brotero in Por- 

 tugal, and by Desfontaines in Barbary (Pers., and Spreng.). 



Chrysanthemum coronarium of Eastern Asia. Called in Greece " tzitzimvola '' or "mantalina" 

 (Sibth.) and the young stems eaten (Fraas), in Egypt "gahvan " (Forsk. emend.) ; in which we recog- 

 nize the BOAN9EMON of Hippocrates, — mentioned as coronary by Nicander fr. ii. 59, and identi- 

 fied by Galen with the " vouphthalmon " or " hrusanthSmon ; " the " hrusanthSmon " of Dioscorides 

 growing in the outskirts of towns, its stems edible, leaves multifid, brilliant yellow flowers improving 

 the complexion in jaundice, and according to the added Synonyms is sometimes called "vouphthal- 

 mon : " C. coronarium was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent along roadsides 

 and about villages on the Peloponnesus and neighbouring islands ; bv Hasselquist, in Palestine ; 

 and by Forskal, and Deliie, at Alexandria in Egypt. Westward, the " hrusanthSmon " or " halkas " 

 or " halkitin " or " halk mthemon " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " hourzeta " of the 

 Numidians, " garoulcoum '' of the Tuscans, and " k.iltham " of the Romans; the " buphthalmos " 

 with edible stems is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 42 to xwi. 55, and the " chrysanthemum " by him, and 

 Martial: C. coronarium is termed " c. foliis matricaria- " bv Tournefort inst. 491; and is known to 

 occur in Switzerland and Sicily (Pers.). Eastward from Syria, was observed by Kaempfer in Japan, 

 on the mountains beyond Nagasaki and elsewhere and called "singikf" or "sungiku." (See C. 

 segetum). 



Authentic Valentino, of the .Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "matalina" (Forsk.), 

 by the prophets " aimorra " or " gonos Ermou " or " gonos aphthitos " or " MnesithSos " or " kappa- 

 korania" (Syn. Diosc.) possibly the " voanthSmon '' of Hippocrates, — but the "vouphthalmon" 

 is separately mentioned as coronary by Nicander fr. ii. $<j ; is described by Dioscorides as growing 

 in the open country as well as around towns, its leaves " marathro "-like, flowers yellow and larger 

 than in " anthgmithos," improving temporarily the complexion in jaundice ; by Galen fac. simpl. vi. 

 p. 852, as having flowers of the same shade of colour as " anthSmithos ; " prescribed also by Paulus 

 Aegineta, and referred here by Clusius, and Sprengel : the " bihar " of Avicenna, or " bahar " of Ebn 

 Baitar, is also referred here by Sprengel, as well as Sontheimer : A. Valentina was observed by 

 Forskal near Constantinople, and by Chaubard, along the seashore of the Peloponnesus. Westward, 

 the "vouphthalmon" or " kahlan " or "valsaraSne" is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the 

 " narat " of the Numidians ; and the " buphthalmos " or " cachlam " is mentioned by Pliny xxv. 42 : 



