OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



3H 



A. Valentina is termed "buphthalmum Narbonense" by Clusius hist. i. pi. 773 ; is described also by 

 C. Bauhin pin. 134; and is known to grow along roadsides and in fallow ground in Barbary and Spain 

 (Pers.). 



Euphorbia paralias of the Mediterranean seashore. Called in Greece " emeros phlomos '' (Fraas) 

 or " galatzitha pelagitha " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " lactuca marina " of Celsus, and the 

 " tithumalou " called " kramvion paralion " identified by Galen with the TAPAAION of Hippocrates : 

 — the "paralios " kind of "tithumallon" is distinguished by Theophrastus ix. II. 7, and Dioscorides ; 

 is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " mekSna " or " tithumalitha ; " and the " tithumalitha" is men- 

 tioned by Micion, and Cratevas (schol. Nicand. ther. 617) : E. paralias was observed by Sibthorp, 

 Chaubajd, and Fraas, in the sand of the seashore around Crete, the Greek islands, and the Pelopon- 

 nesus; and by Delile, near Alexandria in Egypt. Westward, of the juice of " tithumallos " called 

 "lactuca marina" according to Celsus ii. 12 to v. 7 a drop purges; and the " tithymalon " or 

 " mecona " or " paralion " is mentioned by Pliny xx. 80 : E. paralias is termed " tithymalus mariti- 

 mus " by Tournefort inst. 87, and Lamarck fl. fr. ; and is known to grow on the seashore of Italy as 

 far as the adjoining portion of France (Pers., and Lenz). 



Orchis papilionacea of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " salgpi " or "sarkino- 

 votani" (Sibth.) ; and the AlAYMH of Hippocrates, — identified by Galen with the " orhis," may 

 be compared : the " orhis " is described by Theophrastus ix. 18. 3 as having a twin root, the two bulbs 

 producing opposite effects, the leaves " skillSthes " but smoother and smaller : by Dioscorides as 

 growing in stony and sandy situations, its leaves spreading on the ground, stem a span high, flowers 

 purplish, and the double root cooked and eaten : O. papilionacea was observed by Sibthorp, Chau- 

 bard, and Fraas, abounding in the situations described by Dioscorides from the Peloponnesus 

 throughout Greece. Westward, the account of the " orchin " by Pliny xxvii. 42 seems taken from 

 Dioscorides : O. papilionacea is termed " o. orientalis et lusitanica flore maximo papilionem refe- 

 rente " by Tournefort cor. 30, " o. montana humilis flore majore " by Buxbaum iii. pi. 3 ; was observed 

 by Tenore in Italy (Bory) ; is known to grow also in Carniolia, Barbary, and Spain (Pers.). East- 

 ward from Greece, the nutritious substance called salep or saloop was according to Lindley originally 

 obtained from " Turkey or Persia," and Lieut. Hutton found tubercles of an Orchis collected on the 

 Himalayas under the name of "salep misri " (see O. undulatifolia, and Eulophia salep). 



The inhabitants of Phasis at the foot of Caucasus, described in the Hippocratic treatise aer. aq. 

 et loc. as walking only in the city and the market-place for strangers : thence transporting themselves 

 in canoes made of trunks of trees through the numerous canals to dwellings of wood and reeds sur- 

 rounded by water ; the whole country being marshy (Troyon p. 209). 



" 374 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint.), death of Evagoras king of Cyprus. He was succeeded by his 

 son Ni codes. 



The same year = " 15th of Nectanebus," on the sarcophagus of a person who died in this year — 

 (Birch). 



"The same year (=01. 101, 3 "of Diodor., and Blair), an army under Pharnabazus, accompanied 

 by twenty thousand Greeks, sent by Artaxerxes II. against Nectanebus of Egypt. 



Citrus Medico, of Hindustan and Burmah. Geographical proximity indicates, that the sweet lemon 

 would be the first of its tribe in reaching the Mediterranean countries ; and the " hrusa mela" whose 

 seeds were sent by the great king (Artaxerxes II.) to Athens — (according to Eriphus), recently 

 according to Antiphanes, or the " melon medikon " and " pgrsikon " of Theophrastus having thorns 

 and bearing at all seasons fruit which is not eaten, oblong in shape according to Dioscorides and 

 placed among clothing to keep out moths, or the "kitrion" of Phanias of Eresus, Juba, and 

 Athenaeus iii. 26, may be compared : the description by Abu Hanifa of the " atrodj tree " corresponds ; 

 and C. Medica has been observed by myself only at Muscat on the Persian Gulf, the fruit placed 

 among clothing as described by Dioscorides. Farther East, "lemons sweet as sugar" were seen by 

 Jordanus mirab. p. in Hindustan (soc. Hakl ) ; a plant " having the characteristics of the citron" 

 and called " bijooree," was observed by Royle " apparently wild " along " the foot of the Himalayas " 

 (Graham) ; and C. Medica was found by Mason v. p. 453 "apparently indigenous " in the jungles of 

 Burmah, but also cultivated and called " shouk-ta-khwa." 



"373 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), unsuccessful attempt by the Spartans to recover the island of Corcyra. 



Vicia lutea of Europe, Egypt, and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Egypt " bachra " 

 (Forsk.) ; and possibly the QXPOS of Antiphanes, — Anaxandrides, Alexis, Polemon, Aristotle 

 anim. ix. 40, Phanias, and Athenaeus, described by Theophrastus iv. 2 and viii. 3 as yellowish 

 internally with the leaves more oblong, by Berosus as growing along the Euphrates : V. lutea was 

 observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and Caria ; by 

 Forskal, and Delile, in Egypt (but the latter found the name " el-bakhrah " applied to V. sativa). 

 Westward, is described by Morison ii. pi. 21 ; is termed "v. sylvestris lutea siliqua hirsuta"by 

 Tournefort inst. 398 ; and is known to grow in Italy, Spain, and middle Europe as far as Britain 

 (Engl. bot. pi. 481, and Pers.). 



