OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 313 



tribune, and the " rogationes Liciniae " passed into a law : one of the consuls to be a plebeian, and 

 the praetorship instituted, to be confined to the patricians. War against the Gauls, and after a 

 victory by Camillus dictator for the fifth time, a temple dedicated to Concordia, the two orders of 

 citizens being reconciled. 



" 366 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, L. Sextius now the first plebeian consul, associated with 

 L. Aemilius Mamercinus ; Sp. Furius Camillus son of the dictator, becoming the first praetor. 



" 365 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, L. Genucius Aventinensis and Q. Servilius Ahala consuls ; 

 pestilence, and the death of the dictator Camillus. 



" 364 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Licinius now plebeian consul, associated with'C. Sulpicius 

 Peticus ; the pestilence continuing, and "ludi scenici " dramatic exhibitions first established. 



" In this year" (Sm. b. d.), second campaign in the war between Arcadia and Elis, and battle at 

 Olympia at the time of the Games. 



/satis Orientalis of the East Mediterranean countries. A wild species of woad, included 

 perhaps in the I SATIS leaves externally applied of Affect. 37: — the " isatis agria," resembling 

 according to Dioscorides the " isatis " of dyers and possessing the same medicinal properties, is 

 referred here by Sibthorp : I. Orientalis was observed by him on the maritime rocks of Greece and 

 Asia Minor ; and was received by Linnaeus from Aleppo (Ait., and Steud.). Westward, the "isatis 

 agria" or " £gne mikra " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "routam mincire'm " of the Romans ; 

 bruised leaves of " in sylvis nascens isatin " were applied to wounds in the days of Pliny xx. 25 : 

 I. Orientalis is termed " i. sylvestris minor lusitanica " by Tournefort cor. 211, is attributed by 

 Linnaeus also to Portugal and Spain (Pers., and Steud.), but the change of name by Willdenow 

 seems to imply some mistake. (See I. tinctoria.) 



Euphorbia spinosa of the Mediterranean seashore. A spurge called in Greece "aphana " or 

 "koukoulaphana" (Fraas) ; and the irHlO'tEn whose juice is prescribed in Int. affect. 23 

 and 24 — is identified by Galen with the " knaphon " or " stuvon " or " ippopha£s : " the " ippoph£6s " 

 is enumerated by Theophrastus vi. 5. 1 to ix. 15. 6 among plants having thorns separate from the 

 leaves, and the '• tithumallos " yielding " ippophaSs " is mentioned as growing in Arcadia: the 

 " ippopha£s '' of Dioscorides, growing in maritime and sandy situations and yielding a juice, a dense 

 bush with crowded leaves resembling those of the olive, dry whitish spines and flowers like corymbs 

 of the ivy, is referred here by Honorius Bellus (Clus. ii. 308), and Sprengel : E. spinosa was 

 observed by Alpinus exot. 302, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in dense inextricable tufts 

 on seaside bluffs from Crete to the Peloponnesus and Greek islands. Westward, the " ippopha£s " or 

 " ippophuSs " or " ippophan£s " or " ippion " or " £hinion " or " pel£kinos " is identified in Syn. Diosc. 

 with the " lappag6 " or "lappolamSra" of the Romans ; and the "hippophaes spinis geniculatum " is 

 mentioned by Pliny xxi. 54: E. spinosa is described by Hermann lugd. pi. 601 ; is termed " tithymalus 

 maritimus spinosus " by Tournefort inst. 87 ; was observed by Bivona in Sicily, by Forskal near 

 Marseilles ; and is known to grow on the seashore of Carniolia and Italy, the old branches in drying 

 becoming spinescent (Pers , Spreng., and Lenz). 



Cuscuta epithymum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. A species of dodder called 

 in Italy "cuscuta" or " epitimbra " or "epitimo" (Fraas), in Greece " tes al6pou to me'taxi" 

 fox-silk (Fraas); in which we recognize the EnieYMON prescribed in Int. affect. 10, — 2 Morb. 

 mul. 9, and by Paulus Aegineta ; abounding according to Dioscorides especially in Cappadocia and 

 Pamphylia : C. epithymum was observed by Sibthorp, and Fraas, upon Thymbra and allied plants 

 from the Peloponnesus and Greek islands to the Bithynian Olympus ; and "aftimun" from Syria was 

 found by Forskal employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the " gpithumon " or " kgthois " is 

 identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " Smvoloukroum " of the Romans; the " epithymum " growing 

 without root and by some called " hippopheon " is mentioned by Pliny xxvi. 35 : C. epithymum is 

 termed "c. minor" by Tournefort inst. 652 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; and is known 

 to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 427, Engl. bot. pi. 53, and Pers ). 



Phy satis alkekengi of Barbary ? Called in English gardens winter cherry (Prior), in France 

 "coqueret" (Nugent), in Germany " schlutte," in Italy " alcachengi " or "palloncini" or "solatro 

 alicacabo " (Lenz), in Greece " kSrasoulia " (Sibth.) ; in which we recognize the " kakavoum " of the 

 Numidians identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " struhnon" alikakavon " yielding a juice, possibly the 

 STPYXNOY juice prescribed in Int. affect. 30: — the "struhnon alikakavon" of Dioscorides 

 bears bladder-like follicles containing a sort of reddish grape, worn in garlands, and the juice of the 

 plant is dried like that of the edible kind and possesses the same properties: the " alikakavon " is 

 mentioned also by Florentinus (geopon. xiii. 8); and as known in Egypt, by Pliny xxi. 105; the 

 "alkekengi" is mentioned by Avicenna, and Mesue simpl. : P. alkekengi was observed by Forskal, 

 and Sibthorp, in shady situations from Parnassus to Constantinople and the Bithynian Olympus ; its 

 fruit was found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt; and the living plant according 

 to Clot-Bey and Figari has been recently introduced. Westward, the " struhnon alikakavon " or 



40 



