314 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



" phusalitha'' or " kalliatha " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " kukSlitha " of the Dacians, 

 and "vissikalis" of the Romans; and the " halicacabum " or <- callion "' or " vesicariam," having a 

 large berry within a large follicle, is further described by 1 'liny as ripening in November : P. alkekengi 

 is described by Christophorus de Honestis, and Matthioli ; is termed " alkekengi officinarum " by 

 Tournefort inst. 151 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy, and is known to occur on dikes as far 

 as Germany (Scop., Moench, and Pers.). Eastward from the Mediterranean, is attributed by 

 Persoon to Japan. The plant according to Lindley "is diuretic and employed in veterinary 

 practice.' - 



Solatium minimum of Tropical Africa or Asia. Called in France " morelle " (Nugent), in 

 Italy "solatro" or "solano" (Lenz), in Greece " skilostaphilo," in Egypt " enab eddib " wolf grape, 

 in Yemen "mesaelleha" (Forsk.), in Egyptian " pelfimfin " (Kirch.) or *-alleld" (Syn. Diosc); in 

 which we recognize the " solanum " identified by Celsus with the " strychnon " of the Greeks (Plin. 

 xxvii. 108) ; and from the above remark of Dioscorides iv. 72, probably the kind affording the "struh- 

 nou" juice of Int. affect. 30: — the " struhnos " is enumerated as edible by Polemon diaet. ii. 12; 

 the " struhnos Sthfithimos," as if " em£ron " and having berried fruit, is mentioned by Theophrastus 

 vii. 15. 4, and according to Dioscorides the berries become either black or yellowish; "truhna" 

 are mentioned by Theo*critus x. 37; the " strychnum " is enumerated by Pliny xxi. 52 among the 

 esculent plants of Egypt; and the " inab el-dubb " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar : S. miniatum was 

 observed by Forskal, and Delile, springing up spontaneously from Cairo to Alexandria, the berries 

 eaten crude ; by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in waste places from the Pelopon- 

 nesus to Constantinople. Westward, the "struhnos kepaios " or "em£ron" is identified in Syn. 

 Diosc. with the "astr£smounim " of the Numidians, " skouvouloum " of the Gauls, and " stroumoum " 

 or "koukduvaloum " of the Romans; by Pliny xxvii. 44, with the "strumum" or " cuculi : " the 

 "maurellam " is mentioned by Slacer Floridus 60, and the " morella " or " solatrum " or " uva vulpis " 

 in Ortus Sanitatis pi. 455 : S. miniatum is termed " s. officinarum acinis nigricantibus et acinis luteis " 

 by Tournefort inst. 14S ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known 

 to occur in waste places as far as middle Europe (Dill. elth. pi 274. f. 353, Pers., and Lory). 

 Southward from Egypt, was observed by Forskal p. 46 among the mountains of Yemen, the bruised 

 leaves applied in the " bulce '' ulcerous disease ; by Grant, along the Nile from Lat. 28 to the Equa- 

 tor, and beyond to 4 18' South, the "leaves made into spinage." Eastward, was observed by Rheede 

 a. pi. 73 in Malabar ; by Graham, " in gardens pretty common " around Bombay and called '■ ghattee," 

 or on the Deccan " camunee ; " by Roxburgh, and Royle, in other parts of Hindustan, and called 

 " anab-al-salib" (the " inab-el-thalab " of Ebn Baitar); by Mason, in Burmah ; by Loureiro i. p. 

 133, in Anam, the leaves applied externally to cure cancers ; by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, around 

 Nagasaki in Japan and called " tenka" or " tenkja," or usually "nassubi ;" by Blanco, on the Philip- 

 pines and called in Tagalo "cunti" or " onti " or '■ gamagamatisan," in Camarines " cuti " or "lubi- 

 lubi," in Bisaya " lubilubi " or " lagpacum " or "bolagtog." Farther East, was observed by myself 

 aboriginally introduced on the Feejeean Islands, and clearly by Polynesians carried to New Zealand, 

 to the Samoan, Taheitian, and Hawaiian Islands, everywhere naturalized, occurring in wild situations, 

 the berries edible and the plant two feet or more high : may therefore be the species seen by J. D. 

 Hooker on the Galapagos Islands, and the " yerva mora o solatrum like that of Spain" found by 

 Oviedo already in the West Indies. Probably by European colonists, was carried to the Mauritius 

 Islands, where it occurs in clearings (Boj., and A. Dec), but according to Graham is besides culti- 

 vated as a potherb and called "brede." (See S. nigrum, and S. Aethiopicum). 



Arum maculatum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain make robin 

 or cuckoo-pintle, in a manuscript of the Fourteenth century '• kokok-pyntel " (Prior), in Greece 

 "thrakontia" (Sibth.) or " aron mikra thrakountia" (Fraas); in which we recognize the "thrakontias 

 mikras" of Cratevas (Anguill.), and Dioscorides: the APAKONTION prescribed in Int. affect. 

 1, — and termed '■ preu " mild in Steril. 17, may be compared : A. maculatum was observed by Sib- 

 thorp, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus throughout the Greek islands; by Anguillara, its 

 root cooked and eaten in Albania, and in Slavonia made into a kind of bread (Spreng.). Westward, 

 is described by Bauhin (Pers.); is termed "a. vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 15S; was observed by 

 Lenz in Italy; is known to grow in Barbary (Lindl.) and throughout middle Europe as far as Den- 

 mark (fl. Dan. pi. 505, Lam. fl. fr, and Curt. lond. ii. pi. 63). The crude tubers according to Lindley 

 "are stimulant, diaphoretic and expectorant," and a nutritious substance manufactured from them on 

 the island of Portland is called Portland sago. 



Arum Italituiii of -the Mediterranean countries. A larger species called in Italy " lengua de 

 bo" or " aro" (Lenz); and possibly the " thrakontion" of Int. affect, —and Steril. : the "thrakontia 

 6t2ra" is described by Dioscorides as two cubits high with great ivv-like leaves spotted with white, 

 its root eaten either crude or cooked: A. Ilalicum was observed by Fraas, not rare in the Pelopon- 

 nesus. Westward, the cooked root of the " thrakontia gtSra " is further mentioned by Dioscorides 



