OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 315 



as mixed with honey by the Balearic islanders and made into cakes : A. Italicum is described by 

 Dodoens p. 329 (Spreng.) ; was observed by Lenz, not rare in Italy ; is known to grow also in Spain, 

 Portugal, Southern France, and as far as Germany (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried to 

 Northeast America where it has become a frequent greenhouse plant. 



Trifolium arvense of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hare's foot, 

 in Germany "hasen fuss," in France "pied de lievre" (Prior), in Italy "pie di lepre" or "lagopo" 

 (Lenz), in Greece "lagonoura" (Fraas) ; and the AATanYPOS according to Ulc. p. 319 in the 

 dried state resembling bran, its small leaf like that of the olive and longer or more elongate, — identi- 

 fied by Galen voc. with the "lagonate votane," is referred here by writers : T. arvense was observed 

 by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from "Crete and the Peloponnesus to Constantinople and 

 Cyprus ; is known to occur also along the Taurian mountains (Bieb.). Westward, is described by 

 Valerius Cordus, Fuchsius pi. 479, and Lobel hist. 383 ; is termed "t. arvense humile spicatum sive 

 lagopus" by Tournefort inst. 405 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy; is known to grow also 

 in Barbary and throughout middle .and Northern Europe as far as Sweden and Iceland (fl. Dan. pi. 

 724, Hook., and Wats.) By European colonists, was carried before 1547 to the West Indies ("tri- 

 folium leporinum " of Oviedo hist. gen. xi. 2), and extending thence, or independently introduced, has 

 become naturalized in our Southern (Chapm.) and throughout our Atlantic States, occurring not only 

 in old fields and roadways but in wild sunny situations. 



Potentilla hirta of the mountains of middle and Southern Europe. The black nENTA*YAAON 

 prescribed in Ulc. 880 — is referred here by Fraas: P. hirta was observed by Sibthorp, Gittard, 

 and Fraas, on and about the mountains of Southern Greece. Westward, is termed "q. montanum 

 erectum hirsutum luteum " by Magnol monsp. 216; and is known to grow also on the Carpathians 

 and Pyrenees (Allion., and Pers.). 



Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum of the Mediterranean shores, and beyond as far as Madeira. 

 Called in Egypt "ghasul" or " schaechacha " (Forsk.) ; and the EninETPON prescribed in 

 Ulc. 875, — growing according to Aristotle part. an. iv. 5 on Parnassus and continuing alive sus- 

 pended on a peg, regarded as altogether flowerless by Theophrastus vii. 8. 4, mentioned also by 

 Galen method, iv. 5, may be compared: M. nodiflorum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 frequent along the seashore of Greece ; by Labillardiere, on the seashore of Syria; and by Alpinus 

 pi. 127, Forskal, and Delile, frequent in the Egyptian Desert. Westward, is described by Linnaeus; 

 was observed by Forskal on Malta ; and is known to grow around the Adriatic to " Lat. 43 ," along 

 the West coast of Italy to Genoa, also to Marseilles, Corsica, Sardinia, Spain, Barbary, and beyond 

 the Straus to Portugal, the Canary Islands, and Madeira (A. Dec ; see M. Copticum). 



Carthamus corymbosus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " omvrSla " 

 (Fraas) or " hamail£6n " (Sibth.), in Egyptian '■ sovel " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recognize the 

 XAMAIAEJJN : MEAAS of Ulc. 879, — Theophrastus ix. 12, Nicander, Cratevas, growing 

 according to Dioscorides on dry plains and seaside hills and having spinescent hyacinth-coloured 

 flowers, leaves varying according to locality, deep green, hoary, bluish, or red : C. corymbosus 

 was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, from the Peloponnesus and Greek islands 

 to the Dardanelles, frequent in the situations described by Dioscorides. Westward, the "hamail£6n 

 melas " or "pagkarpon" or " oulophonon " or " ixian " or '' kunomahon " or " 6kimo£ith£s " or 

 "knithion kokkon" or "kunoxulon" is identified in the Syn. Diosc with the " karthous nigra" or 

 "ou£rnilag&" of the Romans : the account by Pliny xxii. 21 and xxvii. 118 of the "chameleon niger" 

 or " ulophonon " or " cynozolon " seems in part taken from Dioscorides : C. corymbosus was observed 

 by Anguillara, and A. Maranta, in Slavonia and Southern Italy (Spreng.) ; is described also by 

 Matthioli coram, p. 491, and is termed "c. aculeatus carlinas folio flore multiplici veluti umbellato" 

 by Tournefort cor. 33. 



Cvnoglossum officinale of Europe and Northern Asia. Called in Britain hound' 's-tongue (Prior), 

 in Italy "lingua canina " or '• cinoglossa" (Lenz), in Greece "gourgougiannes " or "shSloglfisson " 

 (Sibth.) ; and the i X EA I Ai prescribed in Ulc. 879 — may be compared : C. officinale was observed 

 by Sibthorp frequent in Greece and on the Greek islands ; by Hasselquist, in Palestine ; root of 

 " cynoglossum " or " lissan-el-kelb " was found by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally in Egypt; 

 and the living C. officinale according to Clot-Bey has recently been introduced. Westward, the 

 " lingua canina " is mentioned by Celsus v. 27 ; and a kind of " cynoglossos " bearing " lappas 

 minutas," its root taken in potion against (the poison of) frogs and serpents, is distinguished by 

 Pliny xxv. 41 : C. officinale is described by Miraldus, and W. Coles simpl. 27 (Prior) ; is termed " c. 

 majus vulgare " by Tournefort inst. 139 ; was observed by Lenz frequent in Italy ; and is known to 

 occur in waste ground throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan pi. 1 147, and Pers.). 

 By European colonists, was carried to Northeast America, where it continues along roadsides and in 

 waste ground from the Saskatchawan (Hook.) to Montreal and North Carolina (Darl., Chapm., and 

 myself). The plant according to Lindley "was once officinal, being used as an antispasmodic," but 



