3 i6 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



"is so fetid that it has long since ceased to be exhibited ; " its odour is compared by Smith to that 

 of mice (Pers. ; see Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum). 



Cynoglossum Apenninum of the East Mediterranean countries. Also called in Greece " gour- 

 gougiannes " or " shSloglosson " (Sibth.) ; and possibly included in the " sheTas " in question : — 

 the "alia similis cynoglosso quae fert lappas minutas " of Pliny xxv. 41, may also be compared : C. 

 Apenninum was observed by Sibthorp from the Peloponnesus to Cyprus. Westward, is described 

 by Columna ecphr. pi. 170; is termed "c. montanum maximum" by Tournefort inst. 139; and is 

 known to grow in Italy, on the Apennines (Pers.). 



Cynoiilassum pictitm of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece "g6rgoiannes " (r-raas); 

 and possibly included in the " shelias " in question : - C. pictum is termed " c. creticum latifohum" 

 by Tournefort inst. 140 ; was observed by Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent in Attica and the Pelopon- 

 nesus. Westward, is described by Scopoli (Steud.) ; is known to grow in Barbary and various parts 

 of Southern Europe, and even on Madeira (Pers.). 



Ruscus aculeatus of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain butcher's broom 

 from being used to protect meat against mice and bats, or knee-holly or knee-holm, in Anglo-Saxon 

 " cneow-holen " (Prior), in France " fragon piquant" (Fie), in Germany " mausedorn," in Italy 

 "pugnitopo" or " spruneggio " or " ruschio " (Lenz), in Greece " smurnakantha " or " korallo- 

 horton" or "lagomelea" (Fraas), by the prophets "gonos eraklfious " (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we 

 recognize the " rouskoum " identified through Syn. Diosc. with the MYPPINH ATPIH prescribed 

 in Ulc. S80, — or "mursine agria " of Dioscorides, its sharp-pointed leaves bearing at the middle 

 globular fruit, and the root used for adulterating " phou : " the " kentromurrine " is described by 

 Theophrastus iii. 17. 4 as having fruit upon its leaves : R. aculeatus was observed by Sibthorp, and 

 Fraas, frequent in rugged mountainous situations in Attica and other parts of Greece : was known to 

 Serapion f. 166, by whom its berries were called " khababath," and hence improperly by mediaeval 

 writers " cubebae " (Leonicen., and Spreng.). Westward, the " mursine agria " or " hamaimurte " or 

 " oxumursine " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " rouskoum " of the Romans ; the " oxymyr- 

 sinen" by Castor with the " ruscum " of which "scopae" are made (Plin. xxiii. 83) ; "ruscea" are 

 mentioned by Cato orig. i. 7; the "ruscum" by Varro, Virgil, Verrius ; and " oxymyrsinae " or 

 "scopa regia" by Scribonius Largus 153 : R. aculeatus is described by Anguillara 291, Lonicer 204, 

 and Parkinson ; is termed " r. myrtifolius aculeatus " by Tournefort inst. 79 ; was observed by Lenz 

 in Italy; and is known to grow throughout middle Europe as far as Britain (Engl. bot. pi. 560, and 

 Pers.). 



Marinbium alys.unu of the Southern division of the Mediterranean countries. A species of 

 horehound called in Egypt " frasium " (Forsk.) ; in which we recognize the Greek " prasion " trans- 

 ferred to allied species: — the " alusson " of Antonius rhizotom., and Galen antidot. ii. p. 449, is 

 referred here by writers, and the " kamelopothion " of Syn. Diosc. iii. 109 may also be compared: 

 M. alyssum seems unknown in Greece, but was observed by Forskal p. 213, and Delile, near Alex- 

 andria on the Mediterranean border of Egypt. Westward, is described by Dodoens 88, and Clusius 

 hist. ii. 35, and is known to grow in Spain (Pers., and Spreng.). 



Marrubium catai iafolium of the East Mediterranean countries. The n P A i I N prescribed in 

 Ulc. 878 — is perhaps the medicinal kind described by Theophrastus vi. 2. 5 as having green and 

 more deeply incised leaves, termed " prasioio hloanthSos " by Nicander ther. 550, and referred here 

 by Sprengel: M. catariaefolium, received from the East " Oriente " is described by Desroussaux enc. 

 meth. iii. 771, its leaves "ovatis subviridibus profunde crenatis" (Pers.), and according to Sprengel is 

 frequent in Asia Minor. 



Marrubium vulgare of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain horehound, 

 in Anglo-Saxon " hara-hune " (Prior), in France " marrube (Nugent), in Germany " andorn," in Italy, 

 "marrobio" (Lenz), in Greece " skulohorton " (Fraas), by the prophets " aima taurou " or "aphe- 

 thros '' or " gonos 6rou," in Egyptian " astfirope " (Syn. Diosc ) ; in which we recognize the marrou- 

 vioum" identified in Syn. Diosc. with the "prasion:" — growing according to Dioscorides around 

 dwellings and in waste places, its leaves rounded and wrinkled: the "prasion Mron " is distin- 

 guished by Theophrastus vi. 2. 5 as having rounder dry or shrivelled leaves not so deeply incised: 

 M. vulgare was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus through- 

 out Greece and the Greek islands ; is known to occur also about Taurus and Caucasus (Ledeb.) ; 

 was received by Bentham from Yemen, and may therefore be the unnamed species observed on 

 mountains there by Forskal ; was found by Alpinus employed medicinally in Egypt. Westward, the 

 " prasion " or " phullopharSs " or " philophare's " or " tripfithilon " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. 

 with the "atiSrverzia" of the Numidians, and " lave"6nia " or " marrouvioum " of the Romans; the 

 " prasion " or " philochares " or " philopaeda " or " linostrophon," by Pliny with the " marrubium ; " 

 the "marrubium candidum " is mentioned by Castor (Plin. xx. 89); and "marrubium," by Macer 

 Floridus 42 : M. vulgare is described in Ortus Sanitatis 256 (Prior) ; is termed " m. album vulgare " 



