OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 317 



by Tournefort inst. 192 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy, by Forskal near Marseilles ; and is known 

 to occur in waste places from Algeria and the Canary Islands to Sweden, and to Kasan in Russia 

 (Pers., Fries, and A. Dec). Eastward from Caucasus, is known to occur in Persia and as far as 

 Cashmere, but continues unknown in Eastern Asia (Ledeb.). By European colonists, was carried 

 to Northeast America, where it continues in gardens and waste ground in our Atlantic States ; also 

 to Mexico, California, Southern Brazil, Buenos Ayres, and Chili (Benth., A. Saint-Hil., and herb. 

 Dec). Its extract according to Smith, and Lindley, " is a popular remedy for coughs and asthmatic 

 complaints." 



Marrubium pseudodictamnus of the East Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " mauro- 

 markos" (Fraas) or " mavromargo " or " aspropikropanthi " (Sibth.) ; and the *EYAOAIKTAM 

 NON of the Hippocratic writings, — described by Theophrastus ix. 16. 2 as resembling in leaves 

 "thiktamnon" and used medicinally for the same purposes but less efficacious, by Dioscorides as 

 growing in many countries, and by Pliny xxv. 53 to xxvi. 31 as sometimes called " chondris," is 

 referred here by writers: M. pseudodictamnus is described by Dodoens (Spreng); is termed 

 "pseudodictamnus verticillatus inodorus " by Tournefort inst. 188; and was observed by Sibthorp, 

 and Fraas, frequent from the Peloponnesus and Crete throughout the Greek islands. 



Origanum Teurnefortii of the Greek islands. The AIKTAMNOS : KPHTIKOS of the 

 Hippocratic writings — may be compared; also the " StSron thiktamnon " of Theophrastus ix. 16. 3, 

 bearing the same name with the preceding and peculiar to the same island, but differing in medicinal 

 properties and in aspect, the leaves like those of " sisumvriS : " the " £t£ron githos thiktamnou " from 

 Crete is described by Dioscorides as having flowers like " 6rigan6 agr'16 " soft and black, the odour 

 of its leaves exquisite, between that of " sisumvridu " and "ededisphakou : '' O. Tournefortii is termed 

 " o. dictamni crelici facie folio crasso nunc villoso nunc glabro " by Tournefort cor. 13 and trav. i. 

 pi. 91 as observed by him on Amorgos (Pers.) ; and was found by Sibthorp on the same island, on 

 rocks near the monastery. 



Teuaium scordium of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain water ger- 

 mander (Ainsw., and Prior), in Italy " scordio " (Lenz), in Greece " skorthgo " or " skorthohorton " 

 (Sibth.), by the prophets "aima pothotos," in Egyptian "aphS" (Syn. Diosc.) ; in which we recog- 

 nize the SKOPAION of the Hippocratic writings, — and Galen: the " scordion " or " scordo- 

 tin " growing according to Mithridates in the fertile humid plains of Pontus, bitter to the taste, 

 a cubit high and branching, stem quadrangular and leaves " lanuginosis," is attributed to him by 

 Lenaeus (Plin. xxv. 27): the " skorthion " is described by Dioscorides as growing in marshes and 

 best in quality in Pontus and Crete, bitter and astringent to the taste with a slight odour of garlic, 

 stems quadrangular, leaves like those of "hamaithrui " but larger and less incised; is identified in 

 the added Synonyms with the " mithrithanios : " the " shkordium " is mentioned also by Ebn Baitar : 

 T. scordium was observed by Forskal, Sibthorp, and Fraas, in watery places from the Peloponnesus 

 to the Dardanelles ; by Schimper, in Abyssinia (A. Dec. g. b. 1015) ; and according to Clot-Bey has 

 recently been introduced into Egypt; imported "scordium" is enumerated among the ingredients of 

 the Egyptian theriac, and was observed by Forskal mat. med. employed medicinally. Westward, the 

 " skorthion " or " skorvion " or " plSuritis " or " thusosmon " is further identified in Syn. Diosc. with 

 the " phrixagS paloustris " of the Romans ; and the medicinal use of " scordium " is enumerated by 

 Pliny xxvi. 481085: T. scordium is termed "chamsdrys palustris canescens seu scordium offici- 

 narum " by Tournefort inst. 205 ; was observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow throughout 

 middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 593, Lam. fl. fr., and Pers.). " T. scordioides," termed 

 "c cretica palustris canescens scordioides betonica; folio " by Tournefort cor. 14, and observed by 

 Sibthorp, and Bory, on Crete and the Peloponnesus, is regarded as not distinct (Steud.). 



Corylus avellana of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain filbert or hazel, 

 in Anglo-Saxon " haesl " or " hassel " from " haes " behest (Prior), in France " noisette " or "aveline " 

 (Nugent), in Germany " hasel," in Italy " nocciolo " or " avellano " (Lenz), in Greece " l£pht5karia " 

 (Sibth.) or "phountoukia" (Forsk.), in Egypt " bondok " ( . . ), in Egyptian " pantoki " (Kirch.) : 

 the6ASIAI : KAPYAI of the Hippocratic writings — are referred here by Sprengel : the " eraklS- 

 6tike karua" is described by Theophrastus iii. 15. 1 as hardy, wild on the mountains as well as culti- 

 vated, its leaves like those of the alder but wider ; and " pontika " are identified by Dioscorides 

 i. 179 with " lgptokarua : " C. avellana was observed by Forskal, and Sibthorp, on the mountains of 

 Greece and around Constantinople ; and imported nuts were seen by Abd-allatif, and Baumgarten i. 

 14, in Egypt. Westward, cultivation of the " nux avellana" is mentioned by Cato, Virgil, Columella, 

 and Pliny, the name derived by Servius from the town of Avellano in Campania ; the " corylus '' is 

 mentioned by Virgil, Columella vii. 9. 6, by Pliny xvi. 30 as growing both on plains and mountains, 

 and "coryleta" hazel-thickets by Ovid : C. avellana occurs in remnants in forests buried under the 

 sea along the coast of France and England ; in peat-bogs on the Shetland Islands, where the living 

 shrub is no longer known (Edmonst, Austen, and Beud.) ; also in debris of the earliest lake-villages 



