318 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



of Switzerland (Heer) ; is termed " c. sylveslris " by Tournefort insft. 5S2 ; was observed by Munby 

 in one locality in Algeria, perhaps not indigenous ; by Lenz, wild in Italy ; is known to grow wild on 

 the mountains of Sicily Sardinia and Corsica (Guss., Moris, and Salis) and throughout middle and 

 Northern Europe as far as Lat. 65° 30' (A. Dec). Eastward from the Black Sea, is known to grow 

 in Northern Asia (Pers.) ; and was observed by Kaempfer, and Thunberg, in Japan. Filberts are 

 largely imported into Northeast America, but I have not heard of attempts at cultivation. (See C. 

 colurna.) 



Lepraria flava of Northern Climates. The^QPAN EAAIHS and A A$ N H i of the Hippo- 

 cratic writings,— and Theophrastus iv. 16, is referred to this genus by Billerbeck : the " limus 

 arborum" by the Greeks called " lichena," is described by Pliny xxiii. 69 as growing on plum trees 

 wild and cultivated, and used medicinally : L. flava was observed by Sibthorp on old trees in Greece. 

 Westward, is termed " b. pulverulenta flava lignis adnascens " by Dillenius iii. pi. 1 ; and is known 

 to grow throughout middle Europe (Engl. bot. pi. 1350). 



The TETPATGNO Y of the Hippocratic writings — is identified by Galen voc. Hippocr. 578 with 

 "stimmi" or antimony : "stibium"' is mentioned by Celsus ; and "stimmi," by Dioscorides, and 

 Pliny. 



"363 B. C." (Diod., and Clint, iii. p. 421), Mithridates succeeded by Ariobarzanes II. as king 

 of Pontus in Asia Minor. 



Origanum Henuleotiaun of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " rigani " (Fraas) ; 

 and the " konilen " discovered by Conilus — is identified through Syn. Diosc. with the " origanos 

 erakl£6tike " of Dioscorides, strewn to drive away reptiles as well as taken against their bites, having 

 an umbel not rotate but as if separated, and referred here by writers : the " l£uke origanou " is men- 

 tioned by Theophrastus vi. 2. 3; and the "eraklfiion origanon " by Nicander ther. 627: O. Herac- 

 leoticum was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in dry mountainous situations from the 

 Peloponnesus throughout Greece ; and by Forskal within the city of Constantinople. Westward, the 

 "origanum heracleoticum " of the Greeks is identified by Pliny xx. 62 with the '■ cunila gallinacea ; " 

 known to Plautus trinum. 4 as growing in Pontus ; mentioned also by Cato 127, Serenus 909; and 

 termed "gallicam'' by Apuleius 122 (Spreng.). O. Heracleoticum is described by Matthioli 

 comm. 519, and Lobel pi. 492; is termed " o. sylvestre album" by Tournefort inst. 199; was 

 observed by Lenz in Italy ; and is known to grow in other parts of Southern Europe (Pers. ; see 

 O. Creticum). 



"362 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, Q. Servilius Ahala and L. Genucius consuls, half of the mili- 

 tary tribunes for the first time elected by the people. 



"June" (Plut., and Clint.), defeat of the Spartans at Mantinea by the Thebans under Epami- 

 nondas ; who however was mortally wounded. 



After the battle at Mantinea and before the close of the year (" 01. 104. 3" of Diodor. xv. 92, and 

 Blair), by Agesilaus III. Proclid king of Sparta, an army sent into Egypt to assist Tachos against 

 the Persians. 



361 B. C. = "45th year of Artaxerxes II.," in a Greek inscription (2691 of Boeckh ii. p. 468). 



" In this year" (Polyb., Diodor., and Clint.), peace among the States of Greece. 



"The same year" (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Sulpicius Peticus and C. Licinius consuls ; invasion 

 of the Gauls; and a Gaul advancing and challenging the Roman army killed in single combat by T. 

 Manlius, who from the captured chain received the name of Torquatus. 



"360 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, C. Poetelius Libo Visolus and M. Fabius Ambustus consuls; 

 the Gauls and Tiburtines defeated by the dictator (,). Servilius Ahala. 



"359 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint), Perdiccas king of Macedonia slain in battle against the 

 Illyrians, and succeeded by his brother Philip. Who defeated the Athenians at Methone; made 

 peace with them ; and before the close of the year, defeated the Illyrians under Bardylis. 



"The same year" (Astronom. can., and Clint, ii. p. 382), Artaxerxes II. succeeded by Artaxerxes 

 III. Ochus, eleventh Persian emperor. 



Tauiarix dioica of Hindustan. A very graceful shrub called " surroo " or " lal jhau " (Roxb.), 

 in Sanscrit "jhavaca" or "pichula," and along the Ganges pointed out to W. Jones as the "gaz" 

 of the Persians, used by them for arrows in ancient times, the celebrated shaft of Isfendiya being 

 made of it— (asiat. res. iv. 268): the Indian "murikes" is described by Theophrastus v. 4. 8 

 as differing in having strong wood : T. dioica was observed by Graham " common in the beds of 

 the Concan and Deccan rivers ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, in other parts of Hindustan as far as 

 Bengal. 



" 358 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), C. Fabius Ambustus and C. Plautius Proculus consuls, fighting around 

 Rome against the Tarquinians, Gauls, and Hernicians, and the alliance with Latium renewed. 



"357 B. C. = 1 2th year of Hien-wang" (Chinese chron. table), beginning of the Thirty-ninth 

 cycle. 



