320 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Sison amomum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Italian drug-shops 

 "amomo germanico " (Targ.) ; and the S E I S a N of Axionicus — (Poll, onomast. x. 122), a small 

 seed according to Dioscorides resembling that of " selino " but hot to the taste, growing in Syria and 

 employed there as a condiment, is referred here by writers : S. amomum was observed by Sibthorp 

 from the Bithynian Olympus to the environs of Smyrna. Westward, the "sison" is mentioned by 

 Pliny xxvii. 15, and Apuleius Barbaras 94 (Fraas) : the " amomon " herb by Pliny xxvi. 19; and 

 from mediseval times " semen amomi " have been sold in the drug-shops of Europe (Spreng., and 

 Lindl.) : S. amomum is described by Dalechamp 708 ; is termed " sium aromaticum, sison officinarum '' 

 by Tournefort inst. 308 ; and is known to occur in " chalky fields " in Carniolia, France, and Britain 

 (Scop., Pers., Engl. hot. pi. 954. and Lindl.). The seeds according to Lindley are " pungent and 

 aromatic " but have a nauseous smell when fresh. 



"350 B. C." (Diodor., and Clint, ii. p. 383), Egypt re-conquered by the Persians with the aid of 

 Greek mercenaries. The name of the reigning emperor, Artaxerxes III. OchUs, has not been 

 found on the Egyptian monuments (Glid., and Leps. k.). 



Aucklandia costus of Cashmere. An imported root called in commerce costus, in Arabic "kust" 

 (Royle), in Egyptian " ris " — (Edw.) ; in which we recognize the " kostos " enumerated among 

 imported fragrant roots by Theophrastus ix. 73 and odor. 28 to 34 ; used by the Romans in suppli- 

 cating the gods (Plin. xxii. 56), mentioned also by Horace, Ovid, Celsus, Lucan ix. 917 ; and according 

 to the Erythraean Periplus brought from the Indus : three kinds are mentioned by Dioscorides; and 

 two kinds "from the island of Patale at the mouth of the Indus " by Pliny xii. 25 : the "kust" is 

 mentioned by Rhazes, Avicenm, Abd-allatif, Ebn Baitar, and Persian medical writers ; and the root 

 in question was traced by Falconer to A. costus, observed by him growing in the valley of Cashmere. 

 Eastward, was found by Garcias brought to Malacca for export to China ; and according to Royle 

 (in Kitt. bibl. cycl.), is an ingredient in the incense burned in Chinese temples and houses. 



" In this year " ( Liw, App., and Sm. b. d.). the Gauls defeated by the consul M. Popilius Laenas ; 

 and a triumph celebrated, the first obtained by a plebeian. A second temple to Apollo built in 

 Rome. 



" In this year" (Bothling, Roth, Lassen, and Buns. iv. 7. 3.), Panina the grammarian, founder of 

 Sanscrit literature : — the oldest Sanscrit prose occurring in the Bramana or books of ritual, and the 

 Upanishad or philosophical treatises. (Panina may have lived to the time of Alexander's invasion). 



As early probably as this date (Theophrast., and Cic. acad. quaest. ii. 39), Hicetas of Syracuse 

 maintaining That the heavens are stationary, and that the Earth turns on itself or rotates. 



The Niobe "roup of statues — (referred by writers to the Fourth century B. C, Lubke and 

 Lutrow) impressed me more deeply than any work of art I ever met with. For a different reason, I 

 was interested in the Scythian slave preparing to skin Marsyas ; as being in the days of the sculptor 

 a truthful representation of the people on the North of Greece. 



"348 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), at Rome, M. Valerius Corvus and M. Popilius Laenas consuls, renewal 

 of the treaty with Carthage. 



The same year (= 339 -|- " 2 -f- 3 -f- 4 years " of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 332 -f- " 6 -\- 4 -\- 6 

 years" of the Euseb.-Maneth. table), a date thus found in both the Maneth. tables, and possibly 

 marking some event (see B. C. 339). 



The Greek physician Mnesitheus may have been at this time writing. — He is quoted by the 

 comic poet Alexis. 



The tree M YAS enumerated among articles of food by Mnesitheus — (Oribas. ii. 68) is referred 

 by writers to the dormouse, Myoxus glis : the " muoxus " is mentioned by Oppianus cyn., Epiphanius 

 haer. 64, and as eaten in Italy by Galen al. fac. iii. 2 : the "glis " is mentioned by Plautus, Lupinus 

 or Hirpinus, Petronius, Pliny, Martial, and Apicius ; was the subject of a Roman sumptuary law in 

 "B.C. 115;" and the "glirarium " park for keeping dormice, is described by Varro iii. 15. The 

 dormouse continues to be eaten in Italy, and is even reared for that purpose in Carniolia, Carinthia, 

 and Styria (Gesn.. Matihiol., Yalvasor, and Daremb.). 



"347 B. C." (Clint, ii. p. 156), Syracuse recovered by Dionysius II. 



"In this year" (= 01. 108. 1, Cic, Scncc, D. Laert., andSm. b. d ), at Athens, death of Plato. 

 He was succeeded by his pupil Speusippus as head of the Academic school of philosophy. 



Brassica nopits of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain colt::a or rape or 

 navew (Prior), in France " colza," in Italy "rapaccione" or " navone selvatico " or " napo silvestre " 

 (Lenz), in Egypt " selgam " (Del.) ; in which we recognize the " napus " identified through Pliny with 

 the BOYNIAS of Speusippus, — Diphilus Siphnius, Artemidorus, Nicander fr.", Columella, 

 Dioscorides, and Athenaeus ii. 71 B. napus was observed by Fraas in hilly situations in Greece, 

 where it is or has been cultivated ; is known to occur seemingly wild in Armenia, Russia, and 

 "perhaps Siberia" (Billerb. p. 170, Ledeb., and A. Dec); the~"seljam" was seen' in Enypt by 

 Abd-allatif; and B. napus, byDelile, and Clot-Bey, cultivated in Upper Egypt for the oil from its 



