OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



321 



seeds. .Westward, "coles rapicii " and "semen rapicium " are mentioned by Cato ; the "napus" by 

 Columella xii. 56, and Pliny xx. 1 1 : B. napus is described by Miller ; is cultivated in middle Europe 

 for the oil from its seeds, and is known to grow wild in maritime situations as far as Gothland and 

 the neighbouring portion of Sweden (Pers., and Fries p. 29). 



"345 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), the comic poet Alexis mentioned by Aeschines in his oration against 

 Timarchus. — Alexis satirized Demosthenes in "343," alluded to the decree through Sophocles of 

 Sunium against the philosophers in " 316," exhibited plays in "306," and was alive in " 288 " (Sm.). 



1 ' ordylium maximum of Europe and the adjoining portion of Asia. Called in Britain hartwort 

 (Prior); in which we recognize the §E5EAI of Alexis, — resorted to before delivery by the 

 female stag according to Aristotle an. ix. 5 : T. maximum was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, 

 from the Peloponnesus to Constantinople. Westward, the "seselis " is mentioned by Cicero, and as 

 sought by the female stag by Pliny viii. 50: T. maximum is described by Parkinson th. 908, and 

 Tournefort inst. 320 ; is known to occur in waste places and along hedges throughout middle 

 Europe as far as the three Southern counties of Britain (Ray, Jacq. austr. pi. 142, Pers., Wats., 

 and A. Dec). 



Nardostachys jatamansi of the Himalayan mountains. A Valerianaceous herb called there 

 "jatamanse " or "balchur " (W. Jones), and spikenard in Hindustanee " jatamasi " or "chhar"or 

 " sambuluttib " or " nard " (D'roz.) ; in which we recognize the " nardus indica spica" found by 

 Forskal mat. med. imported from Hindustan into Egypt, the " nardi spica" of an ointment used by 

 the Parthian kings (Plin. xiii. 2), and perhaps the NAPAON: BABYAQNIAKON of Alexis 

 — (Poll, onom., named from the route of importation) : " narthos " having a spike is mentioned 

 by Nicander ther. 604 ; " narthou inthikes " called "gaggitis " from the river along the mountains on 

 which it grows, by Dioscorides ; " nardum indicum," by Pliny ; "narthou stahuos " by Galen fac. 

 s mpl. viii. 84, and Paulus Aegineta ; and " sunbul hinde " by Avicenna, and Persian medical writers : 

 " espi " of " Bangala " was seen in Hindustan by Marco Polo 126; the spikenard of commerce was 

 traced by W. Jones to the long hairy root of N. jatamansi, and living specimens were brought from 

 the Himalayan mountains to Royle (Kitt. bibl. cycl.). Imported spikenard according to Lindley 

 " has been highly esteemed not only as a perfume, but as a stimulant medecine." (See Rosa 

 centifolia). 



Patrinia scabiosaefolia of the Himalayan mountains. An allied plant, possibly the " narthon 

 vavulSniakon " in question : — beyond Babylon and before reaching Hindustan, Alexander met with 

 the "narthos" growing wild (Onesicrit., and Strab. xv. 1. 22): the "narthou suriake " growing 

 according to Dioscorides on the same mountains with the first kind, but on the slope facing Syria, 

 yellow and very fragrant but with a " kupelrizgin '' odour, enumerated by Pliny xii. 26 as highly 

 esteemed by the Romans, is referred here conjecturally by Sprengel : P. scabiosaefolia is described 

 by Fischer ; and was ascertained by Sprengel to grow "in Imao et Emodis montibus." 



344 B. C. (= 322 -{- " 22 years reign " in the Mahavamsa v.), Dasesittica-Nandeya succeeded 

 by Danepala-Nandeya now Hindu king. — He is called Nanda in the Avadana-asoka (Burn. i. 359, 

 see also Puranas, and Wilford as. res. ix. 87). 



343 B. C. (= 347 — "4 years," Clint.), Dionysius II. finally expelled from Syracuse by 

 Timoleon. 



"The same year" (Blair, and Sm. b. d.), M. Valerius Corvus and A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina 

 consuls, the Romans now gaining more than local importance : Eastward beyond the limits of 

 Latium, the Campanians claiming their protection, and war commenced in that direction against the 

 Samnites. — The war continued at intervals fifty-three years. 



Elettaria cardamom urn of the Siamese countries. The imported seeds are called in commerce 

 cardamoms (Johnson) ; in which we recognize the " karthamSmon " mixed in the Egyptian " kuphi " 

 incense — (Maneth. in Plut. is. and osir. 80), prescribed by Diodes (Orib. excerpt. 52, and Daremb.), 

 and in 1 Morb. mul. 52, imported partly from Media and partly from India in the days of Theo- 

 phrastus ix. 7, mentioned also by Dioscorides, Celsus, and Pliny. Farther South, " hal " or 

 " kakulah " are mentioned by Gafeki, Avicenna, and Ebn Baitar ; cardamoms were observed by 

 Abd-allatif, and Delile in Egypt; by myself, imported there through Mecca and the Thebaid, and 

 everywhere in use in Southern Arabia. Eastward, are called in Persian " hil," in Hindustanee 

 "kakulah," in Sanscrit "buhoola" or "ela nishkooti," in Bengalee " elachi," in Telinga " sana- 

 yallacci" (D'roz., and Lindl.), in Tamil '■ aila-cheddie " (Drur.) : the living plant was observed by 

 Rheede xi. pi. 4 and 5, Roxburgh, and Lush, under cultivation in Hindustan (Graham), and springing 

 up spontaneously on clearing the forest in Wynaad and other hilly districts (Drury). Farther East, 

 cardamoms are enumerated by Edrisi as brought to Aden from "China" (meaning Siam) ; E. car- 

 damomum is described by Sonnerat ii. pi. 136; was observed by Bontius on Java; and according to 

 Mason v. p. 496, abounds in the "forests of Tavoy and Mergui," the seeds collected in former times 

 by the Karens for tribute, and is called "bala." 



41 



