OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 



323 



" In this year" (Clint, ii. p. 384, = 332 -f " 4 years" of the Afr.-Maneth. table = 330 -f "6 

 years" of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, see Astronom. can.), Arses succeeded by Darius III. Codoma- 

 nus, thirteenth Persian emperor. The name of Darius III. has not been found on the Egyptian 

 monuments. 



Rice, called in Arabic "arz" or "rouz" (Del.), heard of by the Greeks as a production of Hin- 

 dustan as early probably as this date, — for " 6in5n oruzes" arrack is mentioned by Aristotle viii. 

 26 as sometimes given to elephants: "6ruza"was found by Alexander's Expedition under cultiva- 

 tion in Hindustan (Aristob.), and the account by Theophrastus iv. 4. 10 seems to imply that the 

 living plant continued unknown in the Mediterranean countries. If the above names are derived 

 from the Malay "bras," this may prove the earliest instance of the incorporation of a Malay word \n 

 the Greek language (see Oryza sativa). 



"335 B. C." (Plut, Arrian, and Clint.), Boeotian Thebes, having revolted, destroyed by Alex- 

 ander, and Pindar's house alone left standing. Next sending to Athens, Alexander demanded the 

 persons of the orators ; but was propitiated by Demades. The following orators were named, De- 

 mosthenes, Polyeuctus, Ephialtes, Lycurgus, Moerocles, Damon, and Callisthenes, with the Athenian 

 general Charidemus ; according to other accounts, the demand was for "ten; " and (according to 

 Arrian), Hyperides, Diotimus, and the Athenian general Chares, were included. 



"The same year" (Suid., and Clint.), comedy exhibited by Philippides ; by grammarians regarded 

 as one of the six standard poets of the " New Comedy." 



"In this year" (Evaenetus being archon, according to the inscription), building at Athens of 

 the choragic monument of Lysicrates. 



" The same year " (Sm. b. d ), Aristotle returning from Macedonia to Athens. 



Aristotle meteor, i. 3 speaks of the Earth as shown by astronomical theorems to be "much 

 smaller than some of the stars ; " and that these are far more distant from us than the sun ; the sun 

 being at the same time more distant than the moon (i. 8). 



The phenomenon of red snow described by Aristotle animal, v. 19; and "red and hairy 

 SKQAHKES worms " mentioned in connexion. 



The innEAA$OS described by Aristotle ii. 1 as inhabiting Arachosia — (South of the 

 Paropamisus), is admitted to be the Indian stag, Cervus hippelaphus. 



The " badizahr," mentioned by Aristotle — according to Ebn Baitar, also by Rhazes, Haly 

 Abbas, Avicenna, and Serapion, is admitted to be bezoar stones j highly prized among Orientals, and 

 ascertained by Bontius to be alvine concretions formed in various quadrupeds, in goats, gazelles, and 

 monkeys. 



The MYS : TO : KHTOS described by Aristotle an. iii. 12 as having in the mouth instead 

 of teeth bristles like those of the swine, — is referred by writers to the right whale, Balaena mysti- 

 cetus. Confirmation is found in the KHTH being enumerated in iii. 20 among other sea-animals 

 having mammae and milk. 



The insect produced among books, described by Aristotle an. v. 32 as resembling the garment 

 moth, — may be compared with the Lepisma. This insect has been introduced by European colonists 

 into North America ; where it is now often seen in houses and among heaps of paper. 



The other insect produced among books, described by Aristotle as small and like $ K Pn I I i : 

 ANEY ; THS ; OYPAS, scorpions without the tail, — is clearly the false-scorpion or Chelifer. This 

 insect has been introduced by European colonists into North America ; where it is now occasionally 

 met with in houses. 



Habzelia. AZthiopica of Equatorial Africa. A tree whose transported fruit is called in Darfour 

 "kumba" (Browne), in Egypt " amama " ( . . . ) ; in which we recognize the AMQMON of 

 Aristotle, — Theophrastus ix. 7. 2 and od. 32, described by Dioscorides as woody and convoluted 

 in the form of grapes, termed " amomi uva " by Pliny xii. 28, mentioned also by Athenaeus xi. 11, 

 and Isidorus : the dried fruit of H. /Ethiopica was received from Egypt by Matthioli ; is termed 

 "piper yEthiopicum" by Lobel pi. 205, "habzeli" and "piper nigrorum" by C. Bauhin pin. 412; 

 was seen by Forskal mat. med. p. 164, and Delile, in the drug-shops of Egypt; by Browne, brought 

 by the Soudan caravans to Darfour ; and according to Lindley, the tree grows in Sierra Leone and 

 in the "palmwoods of Senegambia," and its "fruit, pungent aromatic and often substituted for other 

 spices, is the "piper aethiopicum" of commerce. H. aromatica found by Aublet i. pi. 243 in the 

 woods of Guaiana, the fruit " employed by the Blacks in lieu of spice " (Lindl.), is described as dis- 

 tinct, but is at least an introduced tree, indigenous according to Bojer on the Mauritius Islands. 



Phaca Boelica of the Mediterranean countries. Called in Greece " agriokoukia " or "agri516u- 

 pino " (Sibth.); and the SISTPON plant growing along the Scamander according to Aristotle 

 probl. 160, resembling the EPEBIN0O and named from the rattling seeds, — may be compared: 

 P. Boetica was observed by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, on mountains from the Peloponnesus to 

 Cyprus. Westward, is termed "astragalus primus sive boeticus " by Clusius hist. ii. 233, "astra- 



