324 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



galoides lusitanica" by Tournefort inst. 399; and is known to grow in Barbary, Spain, and Portugal 

 (Desf. atl ii. 180, Pers., and Spreng.). 



Rosa glutinosa of Crete. The POAA with OM<t-AAOS : TPAXYS mentioned by Aristotle 

 probl. v. 8, — by Theophrastus vi. 6. 4 as large and sweet-scented " trahu to kat6," may be 

 compared : R. glutinosa is termed " r. cretica montana foliis subrotundis glutinosis et villosis " by 

 Tournefort cor. 43 ; is described by Sibthorp " fructibus globosis pedunculisque hispidis," as observed 

 on the mountains of Crete. 



Picris? asplenioides of the Mediterranean countries. An herb called in Greece "pikralitha" 

 (Sibth.), in which we recognize the niKPIAOS of Aristotle an. ix. 8, — named from its bitter- 

 ness and flowering throughout the year according to Theophrastus vii. 11. 4, mentioned as edible in 

 the Septuagint translation of ex. xii. 8 : P. asplenioides is regarded by Chaubard as a species of 

 Apargia, and was observed by him and Sibthorp, in the Peloponnesus and on Zacynthus. Westward, 

 is described by Linnasus sp. 1115; is termed "leontodon muricatum " by L' Heritier pi. 82; was 

 observed by Scopoli in Italy ; by Desfontaines 222, in the maritime sands of Barbary (Pers.). 



Carthamus leiicocaulos of the East Mediterranean countries. A thistle-like plant called in Greece 

 "atraktuli" or " stauragkathi " (Sibth.); in which we recognize the ATPAKTYAIS of Aristotle 

 an. ix. 30, — whiter than others according to Theophrastus vi. 4. 6, emitting blood-like juice and 

 therefore termed "phonon," having also the smell of blood: the " atraktulis " is mentioned also by 

 Theocritus iv. 52, is prescribed by Paulus Aegineta ; and the description by Dioscorides so far as 

 relates to the flowers being sometimes purplish, may belong here : C. leucocaulos is termed "cnicus 

 creticus atractvlidis folio et facie flore Ieucophaeo sive candidissimo " by Tournefort cor. 33; and 

 was observed by Sibthorp, and D'Urville frequent in Southern Greece and on the Greek islands. 

 Westward, the " atractylis " emitting "sanuuineum succum " seems known to Pliny .xxi. 56 only from 

 the account of Theophrastus. (See C. lanatus). 



Convolvulus Jorvinium of the East Mediterranean countries. A branching erect species; 

 and the " dorycnium " of Aristotle — ( Plin. xxviii. 21), Demophon, Lysimachus the Hippocratean, 

 Nicander alex. 376, growing according to Dioscorides in stony places not far from the sea and 

 resembling a young olive but with smaller and very rough leaves, its branches not a cubit long, flower 

 white, " Srevinthou "-like follicles containing five or six round variegated seeds almost like "orovoi 

 mikroi," root a cubit long and believed to induce sleep and even death, is referred here by Linnaeus, 

 and Fraas : the " thoruknion " is identified in Syn. Diosc. with the " kalSan " or " alikakavon " of 

 Cratevas ; and there is further confusion in names, as appears from Pliny xxi. 105, Galen comp. med. 

 loc. x. 356, and the author of Delet. pharm. 6 : C. dorycnium is termed " c. ramosus incanus foliis 

 pilosella? " by Tournefort inst. 84; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, in dry stony 

 places near the sea from Crete to the Peloponnesus and Attica. 



Stachys lanata of the East Mediterranean countries and Siberia. Called in Greece " stahus " 

 (Sibth.); in which we recognize the STAXYS of Aristotle probl. ined. ii.' 80, — Aratus, Theocritus 

 x. 47, Apollonius Rhodius, and Nicander ther. 803, growing according to Dioscorides in mountainous 

 and broken places and resembling "prasio," but whiter and somewhat longer with more stems from 

 the root, the leaves numerous and subrotund hard fragrant hairy and white. S lanata was observed 

 by Sibthorp, and Chaubard, from the Peloponnesus to Smyrna and Constantinople ; is known to grow 

 also in Siberia (Jacq. rar. pi. 107, and Pers.). 



Avicennia tomentosa of Tropical shores. A mangrove called in Yemen " schura," at Muscat 

 "germ" (Forsk.) ; and trees growing in salt-water around the Indian Ocean are mentioned by Aris- 

 totle mund. c. 4 — (Callim., and Antig. mirab. 147) : the " elaa " growing in the Red Sea beyond Cop- 

 turn and having fruit like an olive, is mentioned by Theophrastus iv. 7. 1 ; and the sea-washed " Slaian" 

 with fruit like a chestnut, by Agatharchides 43 : A. tomentosa was observed by Forskal p. 37 frequent 

 along the islands and shores of the Red Sea, the wood used for fuel, and the leaves eaten by camels, 

 donkeys, and sheep. Eastward, is called in Bengalee " bina," in Telinga '• nalla-madu " (Dniry) ; was 

 observed by Rheede iv. pi. 45 in Malabar ; by Graham, abundant about Bombay ; by Roxburgh, 

 Wallich. Wight, as far as the mouths of the Ganges ; and by Mason, along the shores of Burmah. 



Rhhophora conjugate of the shores of the Indian Ocean. Another mangrove included doubt- 

 less among the salt-water trees of the Indian Ocean mentioned by Aristotle : —at the mouth of the 

 Indus, the companions of Alexander found trees nearly covered at high-water, one of the two kinds 

 having lupine-like fruit ; and Theophrastus iv. 7. 1 to 5 further speaks of a " lhaphnen " besides the 

 "Slaan" growing in the Red Sea beyond Coptum : Megasthenes also mentions " trees growing in 

 the Indian Sea" (Callim., and Antig. mirab. 147) : R. conjugata was observed by Rheede vi. pi. 34 in 

 Malabar; by Graham, "abundantly in salt marshes all along the coast ; " by Roxburgh, and Wight, 

 along the Eastern coast of Hindustan ; by Mason, along the coast of Burmah, and called " pyu ; "°by 

 Rumphius iii. pi. 71 and 72, among the Moluccas ; by Blanco, around the Philippines, and called in 

 Tagalo "bacao" or "bacavan." (Compare R. Mangle.) 



