OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 325 



One hundred and nineteenth generation. Sept. 1st, 334, mostly beyond youth : the Greek poet 

 Myro of Byzantium ; the comic poets, Stephanus, Straton, Euphron, Philemon, Menander, Apollo- 

 dorus of Gela, Dionysius of Sinope, Timocles, Theophilus, Sosippus, Anaxippus, Demetrius Arche- 

 dicus, and Sopater ; the culinary poet, Archestratus of Syracuse ; the philosophers, Crates the cynic 

 Crates of Tarsus, Stilpo, Polemon, Crantor, Pyrrhon, and Anaxarchus ; the mathematician Dino- 

 crates (Blair) ; the medical writers, Dieuches (Bussem.) ; the historians, Leo of Byzantium Cal- 

 listhenes, Anaximenes of Lampsacus, Palaephatus, Marsyas of Pella, Demophilus, Cleitarchus 

 Ephippus, Cyrsilus, Medius, Clytus of Miletus, and Hecataeus of Abdera ; the orators, Dinarchus' 

 Stratocles, Philinus, Hegemon, and Pythocles ; the grammarian Zoilus ; the musician Aristoxenus •' 

 writers on other subjects, Eudemus, Heracleides of Pontus, Clearchus of Soli, Theocritus of Chios 

 Chamaeleon, Menaechmus, and Euhemerus ; the sculptor Lysippus ; the painters, Protogenes Apelles' 

 Melanthus, Nicophanes, and Nicomachus (Bryan). 



" The same year " (Lubke and Lutrow), at Athens, building of the Choragic monument of Lvsi- 

 crates. 



The Laocoon group, " the joint work of Agesander, Polydorus, and Athenodorus," is regarded as 

 "probably belonging to the time of Alexander" — (Lubke and Lutrow). 



Astragalus Creticus of the East Mediterranean countries. As early probably as this date, 

 |'tragakantha" gum tragacanth brought from Crete, and supposed to be produced only on that 

 island — (Theophrast. ix. 1.3): A. Creticus, termed " tr. cretica incana flore parvo lineis purpureis 

 stnato " by Tournefort cor. 29 and trav. i. pi. 21, was observed by him on Crete, yielding white gum 

 tragacanth ; by Sibthorp, on Crete as well as on sandy hills in Ionia as far as the Bithynian Olym- 

 pus, also yielding tragacanth. A small quantity according to Lindley, supposed by Th. Marti us to 

 be the sort " received in the form of threads or slender strips." (See A. aristatus, and A. verus.) 



"333 B - C." ( . . Sra. b. d.), the consuls at Rome for this year, not mentioned by any ancient 

 authority. 



Apollonius of Myndus, educated among the Chaldeans, teaching that comets return in long regu- 

 lated paths — (Senec. quaest. nat. vii. 3 to 17). 



Mencius or Meng-tseu ii. 8. 38 (according to his own account) writing more than a hundred years 

 after Confucius.*— He died in his "eighty-fourth year about B. C. 314" (Stan.-Julien). 



"33 2 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), A. Cornelius Cossus Arvina and Cn. Domitius Calvinus consuls at 

 Rome. Alexander uncle of the Macedonian and king of Epirus, at the request of the'Tarentines 

 entering Italy ; the Lucanians and Samnites defeated by him near Paestum, and a treaty entered into 

 with the Romans. 



About this time (Strab.. and Pliny ii. 77), Pytheas from Massalia (near Marseilles) after travers- 

 ing the whole of Britain on foot, sailed "six days North to 60 YAH " (identified by Claudius Ptolemy 

 with the Shetland Islands, " called by seamen Thylensel " to the present day, according to Ainsworth 

 diet.). In the deficiency of cattle and cultivated fruits, some grain was produced on " Thoule," 

 as "keghrS" millet, " sitos " wheat; besides "lahanois" vegetables, and roots for food, and even 

 " m£li " honey ; also that the wheat, on account of the climate, was threshed in " oikois m£galois " 

 barns. Pytheas sailed far enough North to see icebergs; described by him as something neither air, 

 sea, norland; but a concretion of these resembling jelly-fish (Medusa); and he was informed that 

 such bound the Universe in this direction, being inaccessible alike to ships and the foot of man. 

 Pytheas also speaks of the Polar circle, where the longest day continues twenty-four hours ; and of 

 the region beyond, where there is constant day during the six summer months and constant night 

 during the six winter ones. 



The KANTION described by Pytheas as "some days sail from KSltikes " (Strab. i. 4. 3), is pos- 

 sibly Kent ; but may be in Scotland. — The " Kantai " are described by Claudius Ptolemy as dwell- 

 ing " Northeast of the Caledonian forest " (which would place them at or near the Northern extremity 

 of Scotland). 



The I2STIMI0YS are described by Pytheas as inhabiting the KABAION promontory (Bre- 

 tagne in Northern France). — By Caesar, Strabo iv. 4. 1 and 5, Mela, Pliny, and Claudius Ptolemy, 

 they are called " Osismii." 



The island Y H I i A M H, described by Pytheas as the last one at the extremity of the promon- 

 tory (Strab. i. 4. 5), is clearly Ushant. Pytheas also maintained, That the Northern portion of 

 Spain is more accessible across France, than by way of the ocean: — a statement repeated by Era- 

 tosthenes, but opposed by Artemidorus (Strab. iii. 2. 1 1). 



* Salix Japonica of Japan. The " k'i-lieou " according to Meng-tseu ii. 5. 1 woven into bas- 

 kets, — may be compared with some species of willow : S. Japonica is described by Thunberg p. 24 

 as observed in Japan (Pers., and Steud.). 



