326 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Pytheas mentions " mentonomon," an estuary or bay of the Northern Ocean, upon which the 

 Guttones dwelt (compare Gothland) ; and a day's sail from this, the amber-producing island named 

 "abalus" — (Plin. xxxvii. 7 or 11). By Timaeus, this island is called " basilia ; " a name identified 

 by Zeuss p. 270 with Oesel. The "vasilSioi" and " ourgoi " are also mentioned by Strabo, and 

 (according to Talvi introd. and iii. 3) the '■ idols " also of the Slavonian population of this quarter. 

 The " rugii " are mentioned by Tacitus germ. 43 ; and are referred by Latham to the people around 

 the Gulf of Riga In that vicinity, idol-worship and widows "burning themselves with the corpses 

 of their husbands " continued to a comparatively recent period : indicating connexion with Hin- 

 dustan. 



"The same year" (O. Curt, iv., Churchill coll., and Clint.), at Tyre, a wooden mole built by Alex- 

 ander destroyed by the besieged citizens by means of a fire-ship : a novelty in warfare. 



After the fall of Tyre, Alexander entered Egypt, where he founded the city of Alexandria ; and 

 after visiting the Oasis of Ammon, returned to Memphis (see Clint.). The city wall of Alexandria — 

 continued standing to the time of the visit of Baumgarten i. 14. 



Hieroglyphic ovals of Alexander occur in Egypt (Leps. k. pi. 51): from this date, — the monu- 

 ments becoming comparatively uninteresting. The imposing temples by no means devoid of taste 

 and all in the Egyptian style of art erected by Alexander's successors, are chiefly inscribed with 

 representations of deities and the ostentatious enumeration of conquests, yet present genealogies, 

 astronomical records, and dates, that the historian might consult with advantage. 



From this date also, — Greek inscriptions become frequent in Egypt: Greek papyri ox books also 

 make their appearance ; the lost oration of Hyperides discovered by A. C. Harris, being probably 

 among the earliest of these papyri. 



"331, in the spring" (....), Alexander leaving Egypt, on his expedition Eastward. 



"Sept. 30th" (Blair, and Clint), eclipse of the moon. Eleven days afterwards, the army of 

 Darius III. defeated at Arbela by Alexander, and Persian dominion brought to a close. A few days 

 after the battle, Alexander entered Babylon. 



The magian, Osthanes the younger, accompanying Alexander on his Eastern expedition — (Plin. 

 xxx. 2). 



Pyrethrum parthenium of the Taurian and Caucasian mountains. Called in Britain feverfew or 

 may-weed or maghet or maithes, in old English " maydenwede " or " mayde-wede " or "maythys " 

 from the Anglo-Saxon " maegth " maid, by Galfridus pr. pm. " feder-foy " (Prior), in Germany " mut- 

 terkraut," in Italy " matricale doppio " (Lenz), in Greece "asprokhi" (Fraas), in Egypt "achaovan" 

 (Alpin.) ; in which we recognize the " parthenium " used against intermittent fevers by the Magians 

 ■ — (Plin. xxi. 104), and the "anthfimis " used also according to Dioscorides iii. 144 for the same pur- 

 pose : the " anthSmon phullSthSs " having stem-leaves according to Theophrastus vii. 8. 3, is referred 

 here by Fraas : the " duhn el-ukhuwan " is mentioned by Ebn Baitar ; and the " ukhowan " in the 

 Thousand-and-one Nights: P. parthenium was observed by Guldenstadt on the Beschtau peak <>f 

 Caucasus (Ledeb.) ; by Grisebach ii. 203, in mountain meads on the Bithynian Olympus and in 

 European Turkey ; by Sibthorp, and Fraas, frequent about dwellings from Euboea throughout 

 Greece ; by Alpinus pi. 39, in Egypt ; and perhaps the same species, by Forskal on the mountains 

 of Yemen and called '• moniat." Westward, is regarded by A. Decandolle as introduced anciently 

 into Britain, perhaps before the visits of the Romans ; was already there in the days of Gerarde ; is 

 described by Brunfels iii. 63 (Spreng.) ; is termed " m. vulgaris seu sativa " by Tournefort inst. 493 ; 

 seems unknown in Sicily and Barbary (Guss., and Munby) ; but was observed by Moris on Sar- 

 dinia, by Lenz seemingly wild in Italy; is known to occur in waste places in Spain and Portugal and 

 throughout middle Europe as far as Denmark (fl. Dan. pi. 674, Brot., and Colm.). By European 

 colonists, was carried before 1669 (Joss.) to Northeast America, where it continues under cultiva- 

 tion in our Northern and middle States, and according to A. Gray " escaped from gardens in some 

 places." The plant according to Lindley is reckoned tonic stimulant and anti-hysteric, was "once a 

 popular remedy in ague," and its odour is said to be peculiarly disagreeable to bees. 



"33°. J ul Y lst " (Blair, see also Arrian iii. 22. p. 213, and Clint, ii. p. 410 to 419), the dethroned 

 emperor Darius III. put to death; the beginning of the Cycle of Calippus, of 76 years = 27,759 

 days = 940 lunations 



"After the death of Darius III." (Arrian, and Clint.), Alexander entered Hyrcania, subduing 

 the country along the Caspian, and next proceeded to Bactra in Central Asia. 



"329 B. C." (Arrian, and Clint.), Alexander on his "Sixth" campaign proceeding across the 

 Oxus, and "about four hundred and twenty miles North of Bactra" founding Alexandria on the 

 Jaxartes ; changing the name of this river to " Tanais " (Strab. xi. 7. 4). Crossing the river, he next 

 attacked the Scythians ; and returned to Bactra, where he passed the winter. 



