328 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Prometheus was chained (Arn'an ind. 5) ; probably the great cave-temples at Baymian, — extant to 

 the present day. 



P rangos palndaria of the Northern slope of the Himalayan mountains. Called in Indian bazaars 

 " fiturasulioon " (Royle) ; and the S I A * I N observed on the Indian Caucasus by Aristobulus, 

 eaten by cattle — (Arrian ind.), is referred here by Royle ill. 230, and Burnes : P. pabularia was 

 re-discovered by Moorcroft on the border of Thibet near Draz, the leaves dried as winter fodder 

 for cattle ; was observed also by Burnes in crossing in the direction of Alexander's route, greedily 

 cropped by sheep and eaten even by his fellow-travellers ; a statement confirmed by Kinnier 

 (Lindl.). 



Ferula asafectida of Eastern Persia. The "silphion" product seen by Aristobulus, — was 

 doubtless asafcetida : an imported drug " much used by " Burmese physicians, and the plant pro- 

 ducing it described in Buddhist books "as one of the ornaments of the Himmalay forest" (Mason 

 v. 497) : Burnes trav. ii. 243 found the asafcetida plant at the elevation of seven thousand feet on 

 the Hindu Rush, eaten by sheep, and its hardened milk put into hair bags and exported, but its root 

 " annual ; " and two different fruits were obtained by Royle from the bazaars of India : F. asafcetida, 

 having a perennial root and growing in Beloochistan, around Herat and on the mountains of Laristan, 

 is described by Kaempfer am. pi. 536 as the asafcetida plant. Farther West, the " opos methikos" 

 is mentioned by Strabo xi ; the "silphion' of Media Armenia and Syria, by Dioscorides as having 

 a stronger odour than that of Cyrene ; and the "laser" from Persia Media and Armenia was the 

 only kind brought to Rome in the days of Pliny xix. 15 : the asafcetida seen in Egypt by Forskal 

 mat. med. came from " India." (See F. Persica). 



" In this year" (= 355 — " 2S yrs," Puranas, and Wilford as. res. viii. 87), death of the Hindu 

 king Nanda. He was succeeded by his sons. 



"326 B. C." (Sm. b. d.), C. Poetelius Libo Visolus and L. Papirius Mugillanus consuls at 

 Rome. Alexander king of Epirus hitherto successful in Italy, defeated and slain near Pandosia by 

 the Bruttians and Lucanians : war now re-commenced between the Romans and Samnites. 



Vi'mninm tinus of the West Mediterranean countries. Called in Britain laurestinus (Prior), 

 in Italy " tino " or "lauro tino" (Lenz) ; in which we recognize the "tinus" identified by Pliny xv. 

 39 with the "silvestrem laurum : " clearly the AA4>NHN ATPIAN of Antigonus (the historian 

 of Italy?), — and schol. Nicand. tlier. 575, enumerated among evergreen trees by Theophrastus i. 93, 

 although V. tinus has not been observed in Greece by modern travellers. Westward, the " laurus 

 silvatica" is mentioned by Cato r. r. 3 ; the " tinus " by Ovid as having blue berries, by Pliny as by 

 some authorities regarded a tree "sui generis:" V. tinus is described by Linnajus, and is known to 

 grow wild in Italy, Barbary, Spain, and Portugal; is besides cultivated for ornament throughout 

 middle Europe (Lam. fl.fr., Pers. and Lenz). By European colonists, was carried to Northeast 

 America, where it has become frequent in greenhouses. 



"The same year" (Arrian, and Clint.), crossing the Indus, Alexander readied the city of Taxila; 

 whose inhabitants are described by Aristobulus as "exposing their dead to the vultures" (Parsees) ; 

 and as having in use the war-conc/i (Strain, xv. 1. 62). 



Continuing Southward across the Hydaspes and other tributaries of the Indus, Alexander 

 defeated the army and elephants of Porus ; and building boats for his "own army, proceeded in them 

 down the river. 



Ci'dn/s deodara of the Himalayan mountains. The timber of which these boats were built was 

 doubtless in part deodar ax Himalayan cedar, — known to abound on the tributaries of the Upper 

 Indus, the forests on the mountain-slopes extending from the elevation of " three thousand to nine 

 thousand feet " (Drur.) : Royle met with temples and palaces built exclusively of this timber, and 

 leaves and twigs exported Southward are much employed in native medicine (Kitt. bibl. cycl.). 

 Westward, the "diwdar" is mentioned by Avicenna, and according to Ebn Baitar the name is 

 Persian. 



Pinus excelsa of the Himalayan mountains. Called there " cheel" (Drur.), growing with the 

 preceding, and its timber doubtless also used by Alexander in building the boats : — tar according to 

 Cleghorn is also afforded by th\s pine (Drur.). Westward, at the distance of " twenty-two hundred 

 miles," P. excelsa was observed by Grisebach on the mountains bordering Northern Greece (J. D. 

 Hook. linn. soc. viii. 31, and Daub. 136) ; if really indigenous there, must exist also on some of the 

 connecting mountain-chains. 



Pinus longi folia of the Himalayan mountains. Called there "cheer" or " cheersullah " or 

 " sarul " or " thansa " (Drur.), growing lower down than the two preceding species, from " six thousand 

 to two thousand feet," and its timber or product doubtless used by Alexander in building the boats : 

 — the "sarala" tree to which elephants are tied, and exhaling a pleasant odour when rubbed by 

 them, is mentioned by Kalidasa kum. i. 9 and raghuv. iv. 75 : P. longifolia was observed by Pearson 

 forming extensive forests towards the sources of the Jumna and Tonse rivers ; and tar and turpentine 



