OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 329 



continue to be obtained from this pine by the natives of Upper India (Drur.). From transported 

 specimens, described by Lambert pi. 21. 



Euphorbia nereifolia of Tropical Hindustan. Cactiform, called in the environs of Bombay 

 "thor" or " seej " (Graham), in Bengalee "shij," in Hindustanee " ptoon,'' in Telinga "akoo- 

 jemmoodoo," in Tamil "elakullie" (Drur.); and probably included in the KAYAOS with stout 

 spines and copious fig-like juice seen by Aristobulus — (Am exp. vi. 22) : E. nereifolia was observed 

 by Preedy "about Karrachee in Scinde," becoming "a small tree," by Graham all over the "rocky 

 parts of the Deccan,'' also " common in the Concans," affording "shelter to tigers and other wild 

 animals," and "for a short period during the rains " putting "forth a few leaves;" by myself, in 

 scattered clumps in the open country to the end of mv journey ; by Rheede ii. pi. 43 in Malabar, 

 employed medicinally by the natives ; by Buchanan, and Roxburgh, in other parts of Hindustan as 

 far as Coromandel and Bengal. 



Euphorbia ligularia of Tropical Hindustan and the Siamese countries. Cactiform, sacred to 

 Munsa the goddess of serpents, and called in Bengalee " munsa sij " (Drur.) ; possibly included in 

 the " kaulos " seen by Aristobulus : — E. ligularia was observed by Graham " common in Bombay ; " 

 by Roxburgh, in Bengal ; and according to Drury, is employed as a remedy in snake-bites, and 

 offerings are made to the tree on certain days in July and August; the trunk is used besides by the 

 natives to purify arsenic (journ. agri. Ind. x. 37). Farther East, was observed by Mason indigenous 

 in Burmah and called "sha-zoung;" is known to grow in the Malayan archipelago (Lindl.) ; 

 " E. pentagona " observed on the Philippines by Blanco, and called in Tagalo Pampango and Bisaya 

 " sorosoro " or " sorogsorog " or ''bait," in Ylocano " carambuaya," may also be compared. 



Cassia (Catliartocarpus) fistula of Tropical Hindustan and Burmah. Called in Egypt and 

 Yemen " chiar schambar" (Forsk.), in the environs of Bombay "bhawa" (Graham), in Hindustanee 

 "amultas," in Telinga " rela," in Tamil "koaunay," in Bengalee " sonaloo " (Drur.) or "soondali," 

 in Sanscrit " soovurnuka " (Lindl.); and the small tree seen by Aristobulus in Hindustan, its 

 KY AM OS-like pods ten inches long and full of honey which whoever eats will hardly escape 

 death — (Strab. xv. 1. 21), may be compared ; also the poisonous " kinnam " fruit sweet as honey, of 

 the Mahavamsa iv. p 44 : C. fistula was observed by Rheede i. pi. 22 in Malabar ; by Graham, on 

 "the Ghauts and hilly par.s of the Concan ; " by Buchanan, in Karnata held sacred to Ganeshwar 

 and called "cacay," in Mysore stakes of it put in the ground and worshipped ; by Roxburgh, Wight, 

 and Drury, in other parts of the peninsula. Farther East, its Pali name " chaturengula " four 

 fingers, is translated in Burmese books, but the tree is at present called "gnu-gyee," is further 

 enumerated by Mason v. 404 to 530 as indigenous, its wood valuable, and selected in preference by 

 the Karens for making bows ; was observed by Linschoten in Malacca and Cambaia. Westward, is 

 mentioned by Priscianus >(Rhaz.), Nicolaus Myrepsus, and Actuarius ; and the " khiar janbar " by 

 Ebn Masawia, Maserjawia, Rhazes, Haly Abbas, and Ebn Gnefith : C. fistula was observed by 

 Forskal among the mountains of Yemen, and I found quantities of the pods stored at Mocha for 

 exportation up the Red Sea; the living tree was observed by Abu'l Abbas Nebati, Abd-allatif, Ebn 

 Baitar, Belon, Forskal, Delile, and myself, under cultivation in Egypt ; is said to occur also in 

 " Tropical Africa," (Lindl.). By the first Spanish colonists, was carried from Egypt to the West 

 Indies (Sloane ii. 42). 



Fuus fmiica of Tropical Hindustan. The Banyan tree is called in the environs of Bombay 

 " wur" (Graham), in Telinga " marri," in Tamil " ala-marum," in Bengalee "bur" or "but" (Drur.), 

 in Sanscrit " vuta," in Cingalese "bagha" (Lindl.) ; and the tre'e seen by Aristobulus and Onesicritus 

 along the Acesines and Indus, its branches descending to the ground, rooting and becoming trunks, — 

 or the "inthikes sukes " of Theophrastus i. 7. 3 to iv. 4. 4, and Strabo xv. 1. 21, clearly belongs 

 here: F. Indica in Hindu mythology is "one of the four shadow-giving trees that grow on mount 

 Meru" (Mason v. 415); was observed by Rheede i. pi. 28 in Malabar; by myself, from Bombay to 

 the end of my journey on the Deccan only in places where it had been planted, trees with more than 

 a single trunk being rare ; by Roxburgh, and Drury, in other parts of Hindustan, used medicinally 

 by the natives, and bird-lime manufactured from the milky glutinous juice. Farther East, was 

 observed by Mason " exotic " in Burmah ; by Blanco, on the Philippines, and called in Tagalo and 

 I'ampango "baliti," in Bisaya " dalaguit " or " nonoc," its inner bark employed by the Negrillos of 

 the mountains to cover their nakedness. 



Dillenia pentagynn of Tropical Hindustan. A stately forest-tree called in the environs of Bombay 

 "kurmul" (Graham), in Telinga "rawadarn" or " chinna-kalinga," in Tamil "rai" or " pine " or 

 " nai-tek" (Drur.) ; and the leaves large as a shield or buckler attributed to the preceding tree — 

 (Theophr. iv. 4. 4, and Plin. xii 11), may belong here: D. pentagyna is "common along the West 

 face of the Ghauts," its leaves are sold in market "as a substratum for chuppered roofs," and a tree 

 in Kennery forests having "leaves four or five feet long" is regarded by Graham as probably this 

 species, whose leaves diminish in size as the tree grows older : D. pentagyna was observed by Law 



42 



