334 CHRONOLOGICAL ARRANGEMENT 



Malabar " cupi," in Telinga " commi " (Drur.) ; and the tree on Tyle furnishing staffs variegated like 

 a tiger's skin — (Theophr. v. 4. 7), may be compared : the " karenu " of Susrutas sarir. 4 to chikits. 30, 

 is referred here by Hessler: S. webera was observed by Rheede ii. pi. 23 in Malabar ; by Nimmo in 

 the Concan South of Bombay, and by Lush in the Goa jungles (Graham) ; by Roxburgh, and Wight, 

 in other parts of the peninsula as far as Coromandel ; is known to grow also on Ceylon (Pers. i. 200); 

 and according to Drury, its "wood is hard and prettily marked, and is much esteemed by the 



natives. 



Excoecaria agallocha of the Tropical seashore from Hindustan to Tongatabu. The tiger 's-milk 

 tree is called in Malabar "cametti" (Drur.); and the "kiurino" leaved "spina" whose juice 

 sprinkled on the eyes induces blindness — (Plin. xii. 18), may be compared: E. agallocha was 

 observed by Rheede v. pi. 45 in Malabar ; by Nimmo, and Graham, " in salt marshes along with the " 

 mangroves as far as Bombay ; by Drury, in Travancore and Cochin, the natives " afraid almost to 

 cut the branches ; " by Roxburgh, at the Sunderbunds or mouths of the Ganges, woodcutters 

 complaining that the milky juice is very dangerous. Farther East, the " ta-yau " or " ka-yau " of 

 Burmah is regarded by Mason as probably identical ; E. agallocha was observed by Blanco frequent 

 along the seashore of the Philippines, called in Tagalo " buta " or "butabuta," in Pampango 

 " butabuta," in Bisaya "lipata" or "alipata " or " himbabao " or " siac," and employed medicinally, 

 smoke from the burning wood causing intolerable pain in the eyes ; is termed "arbor excoecans" by 

 Rumphius ii. pi. 79 to 80, sailors sent to cut wood on Amboyna having been blinded by juice falling 

 in their eyes ; was observed by myself as far as the Feejeean and Tongan islands, frequent along the 

 seashore. 



Nvctanthes arbor-trislis of Hindustan and Burmah. from " Lat. 18' to 30 '' along the base of the 

 Himalayan mountains. A small tree called in the environs of Bombay '■ shiooli " or "har" or 

 " singahar " (Graham), in Bengalee " singahar," in Hindustanee " hursinghar." in Tamil " pagala- 

 mully " (Drur.) ; and the tree large as a fig, having exceedingly fragrant flowers with inedible 

 lupine-like fruit, seen by Androsthenes on the isle of Tyle — (Theophr. iv. 7. 7 to caus. ii. 5, and 

 Plin. xii. 21), m.iv be compared: the " sep'halica " of the Amara-cosha is referred here by pandits 

 and W, Jones (asiat. res. iv. 244), and the " sophali " is mentioned by Susrutas sutr. 8 to chikits. 2: 

 N. arbor-tristis was observed in Hindustan by Garcias 225 (Spreng. ); by Rheede i. pi. 21, in 

 Malabar ; by Graham, very common " in gardens and about villages," by Vaupell in Guzerat " probablv 

 introduced ; " by myself, clearly indigenous towards Adjunta on the Deccan ; by Royle. along the 

 base of the Himalayan mountains; by Wallich, wild on hills near Prome on the Irrawaddy; by 

 shedding a delicious fragrance, and before morning falling and covering the ground ; by Mason, 

 Roxburgh, and Drury, under cultivation in various parts of Hindustan, the flowers opening at night, 

 " exotic " in Burmah and called "hseik-ba-lu," cultivated for its ornamental fragrant flowers that also 

 yield a beautiful orange dye. 



Ih'iikinia variegaia of Tropical Hindustan. A tree twenty to thirty feet high called in Sanscrit 

 " canchanara" or " covidara " ( W. Jones), in the environs of Bomb iy '• kunchum " or " kana raj " 

 (Graham), in Hindustanee "sona" (Drur.) ; and the tree seen by Androsthenes on Tyle, its flower 

 like that of "Ieuk6i6" but four times larger than in '• i6n " and scentless — (Theophr. iv. 7. 8, and 

 Plin. xii. 22), may be compared : the "kovidara " is mentioned in the Saddharma pundarika (Burn. ii. 

 219 and 416); and the " kanchana " or "kovidara" or " karbudara " or "kanaka" in the stanzas oi 

 the Ayurvedas (Susrut. sarir. 10) : B. variegata was observed by Rheede i pi. 32 in Malabar ; by 

 Graham, in "gardens Bombay," but "perhaps the ' apta ' tree of the Concans is identical," the 

 flowers " very beautiful : " by W. Jones (as. res. iv. 279), Roxburgh, and Wight, as far as Coromandel, 

 Bengal, and Oude, the flnwers in one variety varied with purple, in the other whitish, the buds eaten 

 as vegetables ; or in the Punjaub according to Powell dried and used medicinallv by the natives 

 (Drur.). Farther East, was observed by Mason "exotic" in Burmah, and cultivated for ornament. 

 (See B. purpurea). 



Averrhoa bilimbi of the Moluccas. Called in the environs of Bombay " anvulla " or " bilimbi " 

 (Graham), in Bengalee "bilimbi," in Hindustanee " kamarunga " (Drur.); and the tree seen by 

 Androsthenes on Tyle, "poluphullon " like the rose, the flower closing at night, opening again with 

 the rising sun, and fully expanding at noon — (Theophr. iv. 7. 8, and Plin. xii. 23), is referred here 

 by Link : A. bilimbi was observed by Rheede iii. pi. 45 to 4(1 in Malabar; by Graham, " in gardens 

 Bombay," the fruit growing " on the trunk and branches," of " an agreeable acid flavor," and " sold 

 in the bazar;" by Roxburgh, Wight, and Drury, under cultivation in other parts of Hindustan. 

 Farther East, by Mason v. 454 " exotic " in Burmah ; by Nieuhoff, the " bilinbing " fruit among the 

 Javanese and Malayans ; by Navarrete, in Tropical China and the Malayan archipelago, the "milin- 

 bines or carambolas of Terranate " being the most famous; by Blanco, on the Philippines; and is 

 figured by Rumphius i. pi. 36. 



Fichi comosa of Tropical Hindustan. The tufted fig is perhaps included among the evergreen 



